Writing distributed data handling code is tricky and involves tradeoffs between speed, scalability, fault tolerance, and traditional database goals like atomicity and consistency.
In theory, each record could contain a completely different set of named values,though in practice, the application layer often relies on an informal schema, with the client code expecting certain named values to be present.
Hadoop is the best-known public system for running MapReduce algorithms, but many modern databases, such as MongoDB, also support it as an option. It’s worthwhile even in a fairly traditional system, since if you can write your query in a MapReduce form, you’ll be able to run it efficiently on as many machines as you have available.
Two features make Redis stand out: it keeps the entire database in RAM, and its values can be complex data structures.
优势:处理复杂数据结构的能力
你可以通过集群方式来处理海量数据但是目前,sharding都是通过客户端实现的.
BigTable
BigTable is only available to developers outside Google as the foundation of the App Engine datastore. Despite that, as one of the pioneering alternative databases, it’s worth looking at.
HBase
HBase was designed as an open source clone of Google’s BigTable, so unsurprisingly it has a very similar interface, and it relies on a clone of the Google File System called HDFS.
Hypertable
Hypertable is another open source clone of BigTable.
Voldemort An open source clone of Amazon’s Dynamo database created by LinkedIn, Voldemort has a classic three-operation key/value interface, but with a sophisticated backend architecture to handle running on large distributed clusters.
It uses consistent hashing to allow fast lookups of the storage locations for particular keys, and it has versioning control to handle inconsistent values.
Riak Riak was inspired by Amazon’s Dynamo database, and it offers a key/value interface and is designed to run on large distributed clusters.
It also uses consistent hashing and a gossip protocol to avoid the need for the kind of centralized index server that BigTable requires, along with versioning to handle update conflicts.
Querying is handled using MapReduce functions written in either Erlang or JavaScript. It’s open source under an Apache license, but there’s also a closed source commercial version with some special features designed for enterprise customers.
ZooKeeper
The ZooKeeper framework was originally built at Yahoo! to make it easy for the company’s applications to access configuration infor mation in a robust and easy-to-understand way, but it has since grown to offer a lot of features that help coordinate work across distributed clusters.
One way to think of it is as a very specialized key/value store, with an interface that looks a lot like a filesystem and supports operations like watching callbacks, write consensus, and transaction IDs that are often needed for coordinating distributed algorithms. This has allowed it to act as a foundation layer for services like LinkedIn’s Norbert, a flexible framework for managing clusters of machines. ZooKeeper itself is built to run in a distributed way across a number of machines, and it’s designed to offer very fast reads, at the expense of writes that get slower the more servers are used to host the service.
Storage
S3
Amazon’s S3 service lets you store large chunks of data on an online service, with an interface that makes it easy to retrieve the data over the standard web protocol, HTTP.
One way of looking at it is as a file system that’s missing some features like appending,rewriting or renaming files, and true directory trees. You can also see it as a key/value database available as a web service and optimized for storing large amounts of data in each value.
Getting the concise, valuable information you want from a sea of data can be challenging, but there’s been a lot of progress around systems that help you turn your datasets into something that makes sense. Because there are so many different barriers, the tools range from rapid statistical analysis systems to enlisting human helpers.
R Yahoo! Pipes Mechanical Turk Solr/Lucene ElasticSearch BigSheets Tinkerpop
NLP
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subset of data processing that’s so crucial, it earned its own section. Its focus is taking messy, human-created text and extracting meaningful information. As you can imagine, this chaotic problem domain has spawned a large variety of approaches, with each tool most useful for particular kinds of text. There’s no magic bullet that will understand written information as well as a human, but if you’re prepared to adapt your use of the results to handle some errors and don’t expect miracles, you can pull out some powerful insights.
Natural Language Toolkit
OpenNLP
Boilerpipe
OpenCalais
Map Reduce
The approach pioneered by Google, and adopted by many other web companies, is to instead create a pipeline that reads and writes to arbitrary file formats, with intermediate results being passed between stages as files,
WEKA is a Java-based framework and GUI for machine learning algorithms. It provides a plug-in architecture for researchers to add their own techniques, with a command- line and window interface that makes it easy to apply them to your own data.
Mahout Mahout is an open source framework that can run common machine learning algorithms on massive datasets.
scikits.learn It’s hard to find good off-the-shelf tools for practical machine learning.It’s a beautifully documented and easy-to-use Python package offering a high-level interface to many standard machine learning techniques.This makes it a very fruitful sandbox for experimentation and rapid prototyping, with a very easy path to using the same code in production once it’s working well.
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