K8S中的pod控制器

一、Pod控制器及其作用

Pod控制器,又称之为工作负载(workload),是用于实现管理pod的中间层,确保pod资源符合预期的状态,pod的资源出现故障时,会尝试进行重启,当根据重启策略无效,则会重新新建pod的资源。

二、Pod控制器有多种类型

1、ReplicaSet

代用户创建指定数量的pod副本,确保pod副本数量符合预期状态,并且支持滚动式自动扩容和缩容功能。镜像可以进行版本升级
ReplicaSet主要三个组件组成:

  • 用户期望的pod副本数量
  • 标签选择器,通过标签判断哪个pod归自己管理
  • 当现存的pod数量不足,会根据pod资源模板进行新建帮助用户管理无状态的pod资源,精确反应用户定义的目标数量,但是RelicaSet不是直接使用的控制器,而是使用Deployment。

2、Deployment

工作在ReplicaSet之上,用于管理无状态应用,目前来说最好的控制器。支持滚动更新和回滚功能,还提供声明式配置。
ReplicaSet 与Deployment 这两个资源对象逐步替换之前RC(RS的前身)的作用。

3、DaemonSet

用于确保集群中的每一个节点只运行特定的pod副本,通常用于实现系统级后台任务。比如ELK服务
特性:服务是无状态的
服务必须是守护进程

4、StatefulSet

管理有状态应用

5、Job

只要完成就立即退出,不需要重启或重建

6、Cronjob

周期性任务控制,不需要持续后台运行

三、Pod与控制器之间的关系

controllers:在集群上管理和运行容器的 pod 对象, pod 通过 label-selector 相关联。
Pod 通过控制器实现应用的运维,如伸缩,升级等。

1、Deployment

  • 部署无状态应用
  • 管理Pod和ReplicaSet
  • 具有上线部署、副本设定、滚动升级、回滚等功能
  • 提供声明式更新,例如只更新一个新的image
  • 应用场景:web服务

1.1 示例

vim nginx-deployment.yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
  labels:
    app: nginx	
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.15.4
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml

kubectl get pods,deploy,rs

1.2 查看控制器配置 

kubectl edit deployment/nginx-deployment

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  annotations:
    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "1"
  creationTimestamp: "2023-02-28T07:34:15Z"
  generation: 1
  labels:
    app: nginx					#Deployment资源的标签
  name: nginx-deployment
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "49530"
  selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/deployments/nginx-deployment
  uid: 0017643e-c7ed-4b5f-a1bd-c176d893974b
  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
  replicas: 3					#期望的pod数量,默认是1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 25%				#升级过程中会先启动的新Pod的数量不超过期望的Pod数量的25%,也可以是一个绝对值
      maxUnavailable: 25%		#升级过程中在新的Pod启动好后销毁的旧Pod的数量不超过期望的Pod数量的25%,也可以是一个绝对值
    type: RollingUpdate			#滚动升级
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: nginx				#Pod副本关联的标签
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx:1.15.4				#镜像名称
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent	#镜像拉取策略
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80				#容器暴露的监听端口
          protocol: TCP
        resources: {}
        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
        terminationMessagePolicy: File
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      restartPolicy: Always				#容器重启策略
      schedulerName: default-scheduler
      securityContext: {}
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
......

1.3 查看历史版本

kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment

2、SatefulSet

部署有状态应用
稳定的持久化存储,即Pod重新调度后还是能访问到相同的持久化数据,基于PVC来实现
稳定的网络标志,即Pod重新调度后其PodName和HostName不变,基于Headless Service(即没有Cluster IP的Service)来实现
有序部署,有序扩展,即Pod是有顺序的,在部署或者扩展的时候要依据定义的顺序依次进行(即从0到N-1,在下一个Pod运行之前所有之前的Pod必须都是Running和Ready状态),基于init containers来实现
有序收缩,有序删除(即从N-1到0)(删除就是倒序删除)

常见的应用场景:数据库
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx # has to match .spec.template.metadata.labels
  serviceName: "nginx"
  replicas: 3 # by default is 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx # has to match .spec.selector.matchLabels
    spec:
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: www
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: www
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      storageClassName: "my-storage-class"
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 1Gi

从上面的应用场景可以发现,StatefulSet由以下几个部分组成:

  • Headless Service(无头服务):用于为Pod资源标识符生成可解析的DNS记录。
  • volumeClaimTemplates(存储卷申请模板):基于静态或动态PV供给方式为Pod资源提供专有的固定存储。
  • StatefulSet:用于管控Pod资源。

为什么要有headless?

在deployment中,每一个pod是没有名称,是随机字符串,是无序的。而statefulset中是要求有序的,每一个pod的名称必须是固定的。当节点挂了,重建之后的标识符是不变的,每一个节点的节点名称是不能改变的。pod名称是作为pod识别的唯一标识符,必须保证其标识符的稳定并且唯一。
为了实现标识符的稳定,这时候就需要一个headless service 解析直达到pod,还需要给pod配置一个唯一的名称。

为什么要有volumeClainTemplate?

大部分有状态副本集都会用到持久存储,比如分布式系统来说,由于数据是不一样的,每个节点都需要自己专用的存储节点。而在 deployment中pod模板中创建的存储卷是一个共享的存储卷,多个pod使用同一个存储卷,而statefulset定义中的每一个pod都不能使用同一个存储卷,由此基于pod模板创建pod是不适应的,这就需要引入volumeClainTemplate,当在使用statefulset创建pod时,会自动生成一个PVC,从而请求绑定一个PV,从而有自己专用的存储卷。

服务发现:就是应用服务之间相互定位的过程。

应用场景:

  • 动态性强:Pod会飘到别的node节点
  • 更新发布频繁:互联网思维小步快跑,先实现再优化,老板永远是先上线再慢慢优化,先把idea变成产品挣到钱然后再慢慢一点一点优化
  • 支持自动伸缩:一来大促,肯定是要扩容多个副本

K8S里服务发现的方式---DNS,使K8S集群能够自动关联Service资源的“名称”和“CLUSTER-IP”,从而达到服务被集群自动发现的目的。

实现K8S里DNS功能的插件:

  • skyDNS:Kubernetes 1.3之前的版本
  • kubeDNS:Kubernetes 1.3至Kubernetes 1.11
  • CoreDNS:Kubernetes 1.11开始至今

四、安装CoreDNS,仅二进制部署环境需要安装CoreDNS

#方法一:
下载链接:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/cluster/addons/dns/coredns/coredns.yaml.base

vim transforms2sed.sed
s/__DNS__SERVER__/10.0.0.2/g
s/__DNS__DOMAIN__/cluster.local/g
s/__DNS__MEMORY__LIMIT__/170Mi/g
s/__MACHINE_GENERATED_WARNING__/Warning: This is a file generated from the base underscore template file: coredns.yaml.base/g

sed -f transforms2sed.sed coredns.yaml.base > coredns.yaml

#方法二:上传 coredns.yaml 文件

kubectl create -f coredns.yaml

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

1、示例1

vim nginx-service.yaml

apiVersion: v1  
kind: Service  
metadata:
  name: nginx-service
  labels:
    app: nginx  
spec:
  type: NodePort  
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 80  
  selector:
    app: nginx

kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml

kubectl get svc

2、示例2

vim pod.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dns-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:1.28.4
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - sleep 36000
  restartPolicy: Never
  
kubectl create -f pod.yaml 

//解析kubernetes和nginx-service名称
kubectl exec -it dns-test sh
/ # nslookup kubernetes
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      kubernetes
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-service
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      nginx-service
Address 1: 10.100.5.197 nginx-service.default.svc.cluster.local

五、查看statefulset的定义

kubectl explain statefulset

KIND:     StatefulSet
VERSION:  apps/v1

DESCRIPTION:
     StatefulSet represents a set of pods with consistent identities. Identities
     are defined as: - Network: A single stable DNS and hostname. - Storage: As
     many VolumeClaims as requested. The StatefulSet guarantees that a given
     network identity will always map to the same storage identity.

FIELDS:
   apiVersion	<string>
   kind	<string>
   metadata	<Object>
   spec	<Object>
   status	<Object>
   
kubectl explain statefulset.spec

KIND:     StatefulSet
VERSION:  apps/v1

RESOURCE: spec <Object>

DESCRIPTION:
     Spec defines the desired identities of pods in this set.

     A StatefulSetSpec is the specification of a StatefulSet.

FIELDS:
   podManagementPolicy	<string>  #Pod管理策略
   replicas	<integer>    #副本数量
   revisionHistoryLimit	<integer>   #历史版本限制
   selector	<Object> -required-    #选择器,必选项
   serviceName	<string> -required-  #服务名称,必选项
   template	<Object> -required-    #模板,必选项
   updateStrategy	<Object>       #更新策略
   volumeClaimTemplates	<[]Object>   #存储卷申请模板,必选项

清单定义StatefulSet

如上所述,一个完整的 StatefulSet 控制器由一个 Headless Service、一个 StatefulSet 和一个 volumeClaimTemplate 组成。如下资源清单中的定义:

vim stateful-demo.yaml

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-svc
  labels:
    app: myapp-svc
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: myapp-pod
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  serviceName: myapp-svc
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: myappdata
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: myappdata
      annotations:          #动态PV创建时,使用annotations在PVC里声明一个StorageClass对象的标识进行关联
        volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: nfs-client-storageclass
    spec:
      accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 2Gi

解析上例:由于 StatefulSet 资源依赖于一个实现存在的 Headless 类型的 Service 资源,所以需要先定义一个名为 myapp-svc 的 Headless Service 资源,用于为关联到每个 Pod 资源创建 DNS 资源记录。接着定义了一个名为 myapp 的 StatefulSet 资源,它通过 Pod 模板创建了 3 个 Pod 资源副本,并基于 volumeClaimTemplates 向前面创建的PV进行了请求大小为 2Gi 的专用存储卷。

创建pv

nfs节点
mkdir -p /data/volumes/v{1,2,3,4,5}

vim /etc/exports
/data/volumes/v1 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v2 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v3 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v4 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v5 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)


systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs

exportfs -arv

showmount -e

定义PV

vim pv-demo.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv001
  labels:
    name: pv001
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v1
    server: lb01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv002
  labels:
    name: pv002
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v2
    server: lb01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv003
  labels:
    name: pv003
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v3
    server: lb01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv004
  labels:
    name: pv004
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v4
    server: lb01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv005
  labels:
    name: pv005
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v5
    server: lb01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi


kubectl apply -f pv-demo.yaml

kubectl get pv

创建statefuls

vim stateful-demo.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-svc
  labels:
    app: myapp-svc
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: myapp-pod
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  serviceName: myapp-svc
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: myappdata
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: myappdata
      annotations:          #动态PV创建时,使用annotations在PVC里声明一个StorageClass对象的标识进行关联
        volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: nfs-client-storageclass
    spec:
      accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 2Gi
          
kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml 

kubectl get svc  #查看创建的无头服务myapp-svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)             AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP             50d
myapp-svc    ClusterIP   None             <none>        80/TCP              38s

kubectl get sts    #查看statefulset
NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   AGE
myapp     3         3         55s

kubectl get pvc    #查看pvc绑定
NAME                STATUS    VOLUME    CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
myappdata-myapp-0   Bound     pv002     2Gi        RWO                           1m
myappdata-myapp-1   Bound     pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX                       1m
myappdata-myapp-2   Bound     pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX                       1m

kubectl get pv    #查看pv绑定
NAME      CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM                       STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pv001     1Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                        6m
pv002     2Gi        RWO            Retain           Bound       default/myappdata-myapp-0                            6m
pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Bound       default/myappdata-myapp-1                            6m
pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Bound       default/myappdata-myapp-2                            6m
pv005     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                        6m

kubectl get pods   #查看Pod信息
NAME                     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
myapp-0                  1/1       Running   0          2m
myapp-1                  1/1       Running   0          2m
myapp-2                  1/1       Running   0          2m

kubectl delete -f stateful-demo.yaml	

//当删除的时候是从myapp-2开始进行删除的,关闭是逆向关闭
kubectl get pods -w

//此时PVC依旧存在的,再重新创建pod时,依旧会重新去绑定原来的pvc
kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml

kubectl get pvc
NAME                STATUS    VOLUME    CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
myappdata-myapp-0   Bound     pv002     2Gi        RWO                           5m
myappdata-myapp-1   Bound     pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX                       5m
myappdata-myapp-2   Bound     pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX

滚动更新

StatefulSet 控制器将在 StatefulSet 中删除并重新创建每个 Pod。它将以与 Pod 终止相同的顺序进行(从最大的序数到最小的序数),每次更新一个 Pod。在更新其前身之前,它将等待正在更新的 Pod 状态变成正在运行并就绪。如下操作的滚动更新是按照2-0的顺序更新。

vim stateful-demo.yaml  		#修改image版本为v2
.....
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v2
....

kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml

kubectl get pods -w   #查看滚动更新的过程
NAME      READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
myapp-0   1/1     Running       0          29s
myapp-1   1/1     Running       0          27s
myapp-2   0/1     Terminating   0          26s
myapp-2   0/1     Terminating   0          30s
myapp-2   0/1     Terminating   0          30s
myapp-2   0/1     Pending       0          0s
myapp-2   0/1     Pending       0          0s
myapp-2   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
myapp-2   1/1     Running             0          31s
myapp-1   1/1     Terminating         0          62s
myapp-1   0/1     Terminating         0          63s
myapp-1   0/1     Terminating         0          66s
myapp-1   0/1     Terminating         0          67s
myapp-1   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-1   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-1   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
myapp-1   1/1     Running             0          30s
myapp-0   1/1     Terminating         0          99s
myapp-0   0/1     Terminating         0          100s
myapp-0   0/1     Terminating         0          101s
myapp-0   0/1     Terminating         0          101s
myapp-0   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-0   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-0   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
myapp-0   1/1     Running             0          1s

解析

#在创建的每一个Pod中,每一个pod自己的名称都是可以被解析的
kubectl exec -it myapp-0 /bin/sh
Name:      myapp-0.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.27 myapp-0.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
nslookup: can't resolve '(null)': Name does not resolve

Name:      myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.1.14 myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
nslookup: can't resolve '(null)': Name does not resolve

Name:      myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.26 myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local

#从上面的解析,我们可以看到在容器当中可以通过对Pod的名称进行解析到ip。其解析的域名格式如下:
(pod_name).(service_name).(namespace_name).svc.cluster.local

总结

无状态

  1. deployment 认为所有的pod都是一样的
  2. 不用考虑顺序的要求
  3. 不用考虑在哪个node节点上运行
  4. 可以随意扩容和缩容 

有状态

  1. 实例之间有差别,每个实例都有自己的独特性,元数据不同,例如etcd,zookeeper
  2. 实例之间不对等的关系,以及依靠外部存储的应用。

常规service和无头服务区别

  • service:一组Pod访问策略,提供cluster-IP群集之间通讯,还提供负载均衡和服务发现。
  • Headless service:无头服务,不需要cluster-IP,而是直接以DNS记录的方式解析出被代理Pod的IP地址。

示例

vim pod6.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dns-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:1.28.4
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - sleep 36000
  restartPolicy: Never


vim sts.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1  
kind: StatefulSet  
metadata:
  name: nginx-statefulset  
  namespace: default
spec:
  serviceName: nginx  
  replicas: 3  
  selector:
    matchLabels:  
       app: nginx
  template:  
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx  
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:latest  
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80  


kubectl apply -f sts.yaml

kubectl apply -f pod6.yaml

kubectl get pods,svc

kubectl exec -it dns-test sh
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-1.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-2.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local

kubectl exec -it nginx-statefulset-0 bash
/# curl nginx-statefulset-0.nginx
/# curl nginx-statefulset-1.nginx
/# curl nginx-statefulset-2.nginx

扩展伸缩

kubectl scale sts myapp --replicas=4  #扩容副本增加到4个

kubectl get pods -w  #动态查看扩容

kubectl get pv  #查看pv绑定

kubectl patch sts myapp -p '{"spec":{"replicas":2}}'  #打补丁方式缩容

kubectl get pods -w  #动态查看缩容

六、DaemonSet

DaemonSet 确保全部(或者一些)Node 上运行一个 Pod 的副本。当有 Node 加入集群时,也会为他们新增一个 Pod 。当有 Node 从集群移除时,这些 Pod 也会被回收。删除 DaemonSet 将会删除它创建的所有 Pod。

使用 DaemonSet 的一些典型用法:
●运行集群存储 daemon,例如在每个 Node 上运行 glusterd、ceph。
●在每个 Node 上运行日志收集 daemon,例如fluentd、logstash。
●在每个 Node 上运行监控 daemon,例如 Prometheus Node Exporter、collectd、Datadog 代理、New Relic 代理,或 Ganglia gmond。
应用场景:Agent

官方案例(监控)
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset/

vim ds.yaml 

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet 
metadata:
  name: nginx-daemonSet
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.15.4
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80


kubectl apply -f ds.yaml

#DaemonSet会在每个node节点都创建一个Pod
kubectl get pods

七、Job

Job分为普通任务(Job)和定时任务(CronJob)
常用于运行那些仅需要执行一次的任务
应用场景:数据库迁移、批处理脚本、kube-bench扫描、离线数据处理,视频解码等业务

官方案例:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/

vim job.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: pi
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: pi
        image: perl
        command: ["perl",  "-Mbignum=bpi", "-wle", "print bpi(2000)"]
      restartPolicy: Never
  backoffLimit: 4
  
  //参数解释
.spec.template.spec.restartPolicy该属性拥有三个候选值:OnFailure,Never和Always。默认值为Always。它主要用于描述Pod内容器的重启策略。在Job中只能将此属性设置为OnFailure或Never,否则Job将不间断运行。

.spec.backoffLimit用于设置job失败后进行重试的次数,默认值为6。默认情况下,除非Pod失败或容器异常退出,Job任务将不间断的重试,此时Job遵循 .spec.backoffLimit上述说明。一旦.spec.backoffLimit达到,作业将被标记为失败。

//在所有node节点下载perl镜像,因为镜像比较大,所以建议提前下载好
docker pull perl

kubectl apply -f job.yaml 

kubectl get pods
pi-bqtf7                 0/1     Completed   0          41s

//结果输出到控制台
kubectl logs pi-bqtf7
3.14159265......

//清除job资源
kubectl delete -f job.yaml 

backoffLimit

vim job-limit.yaml

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: busybox
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: busybox
          image: busybox
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 10;date;exit 1"]
      restartPolicy: Never
  backoffLimit: 2
  
kubectl apply -f job-limit.yaml

kubectl get job,pods

kubectl describe job busybox

八、CronJob 

周期性任务,像Linux的Crontab一样。
周期性任务
应用场景:通知,备份

官方案例:

https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/job/automated-tasks-with-cron-jobs/

//每分钟打印hello
vim cronjob.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  name: hello
spec:
  schedule: "*/1 * * * *"
  jobTemplate:
    spec:
      template:
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: hello
            image: busybox
            imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
            args:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
          restartPolicy: OnFailure
		  
//cronjob其它可用参数的配置
spec:
  concurrencyPolicy: Allow			#要保留的失败的完成作业数(默认为1)
  schedule: '*/1 * * * *'			#作业时间表。在此示例中,作业将每分钟运行一次
  startingDeadlineSeconds: 15		#pod必须在规定时间后的15秒内开始执行,若超过该时间未执行,则任务将不运行,且标记失败
  successfulJobsHistoryLimit: 3		#要保留的成功完成的作业数(默认为3)
  terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30	#job存活时间 默认不设置为永久
  jobTemplate:						#作业模板。这类似于工作示例


kubectl create -f cronjob.yaml 

kubectl get cronjob

kubectl get pods

kubectl logs hello-1677654960-qnmcs

#如果报错:
Error from server (Forbidden): Forbidden (user=system:anonymous, verb=get, resource=nodes, subresource=proxy) ( pods/log hello-1621587780-c7v54)
#解决办法:绑定一个cluster-admin的权限
kubectl create clusterrolebinding system:anonymous --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=system:anonymous
posted @ 2023-03-01 19:25  龙Llong  阅读(40)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报