狄利克雷卷积

补充一下莫比乌斯反演的前置知识

狄利克雷乘积(Dirichlet product)亦称狄利克雷卷积、卷积,是数论函数的重要运算之一。设f(n)、g(n)是两个数论函数,它们的Dirichlet(狄利克雷)乘积也是一个数论函数,简记为h(n)=f(n)*g(n)。

前置知识:积性函数

规定几种函数:

\[单位函数:\epsilon(n) = \left\{ \begin{aligned} 1 \qquad n = 1 \\ 0 \qquad n > 1 \end{aligned} \right. \\ 幂函数:Id_{k}(n) = n^{k} \\ 常数函数:1(n) = 1 \\ 整除函数:\sigma_{k}(n) = \sum_{d \mid n} d^{k}\\ 欧拉函数:\phi(n) \]

对于函数f和g,狄利克雷卷积的运算过程为:

\[(f * g)(n) = \sum_{d \mid n} f(d)g(\frac{n}{d}) \]

性质:

1.若f,g为积性函数,则\(f*g\)也为积性函数。

2.狄利克雷卷积满足交换律,\(f * g = g * f\)

3.狄利克雷卷积满足结合律,\(f*(g * h) = (f * g) * h\)

4.狄利克雷卷积满足分配律,\(f * (g + h) = f * g + f * h\)

5.\(Id_{k} * 1 = \sigma_{k}\)

证明:

\[(Id_{k} * 1)(n) = \sum_{d \mid n}Id_{k}(d)\cdot 1(\frac{n}{d}) = \sum_{d \mid n} d^{k} = \sigma_{k}(n) \]

6.\((\phi * 1) = Id\)

证明:

设为\(p\)质数,\(m > 0\)

\[(\phi * 1)(p^{m}) = \sum_{d \mid p^{m}}\phi(d) = \sum_{i = 0}^{m} \phi(p^{i}) = p^{0} + \sum_{i = 1}^{m}(p^{i} - p^{i - 1}) = p^{m} \]

因为n可以表示为\(n = p_1^{m_1} \cdot p_2^{m_2} \cdot ... \cdot p_r^{m_r}\),由积性函数的性质可得\((\phi * 1)(n) = n = Id(n)\)

证毕

7.\((\epsilon * f)(n) = \sum_{d \mid n} f(d)\epsilon(\frac{n}{d}) = f(n)\)

狄利克雷逆元

在狄利克雷卷积中,单位元是\(\epsilon\),定义狄利克雷逆元如下:

\[f * f^{-1} = \epsilon \]

则将\(f^{-1}\)称为\(f\)的逆元

几个性质:

1.\(f^{-1}(1) = \frac{1}{f(1)}\)

2.对于\(n > 1\)有:

\[f^{-1}(n) = -\frac{1}{f(1)} \cdot \sum_{d \mid n , d > 1} f(d)f^{-1}(\frac{n}{d}) \]

证明:

\(n = 1\)时:

\[1 = \epsilon (1) = (f * f^{-1})(1) = \sum_{d \mid 1}f(d)f^{-1}(\frac{1}{d}) = f(1)f^{-1}(1)\\ 可得:f^{-1}(1) = \frac{1}{f(1)} \]

\(n \neq1\)时:

\[(f * f^{-1})(n) = \sum_{d \mid n}f(d)f^{-1}(\frac{n}{d}) = f(1)f^{-1}(n) + \sum_{d \mid n, d > 1}f(d)f^{-1}(\frac{n}{d})\\ = f(1) \cdot (-\frac{1}{f(1)})\sum_{d \mid n, d > 1}f(d)f^{-1}(\frac{n}{d}) + \sum_{d \mid n, d > 1}f(d)f^{-1}(\frac{n}{d}) = 0 = \epsilon(n) \]

证毕

3.\(\mu^{-1}(n) = 1\)

证明:

\[因为:\epsilon(n) = (\mu * \mu^{-1})(n) = \sum_{d \mid n}\mu(d)\mu^{-1}(\frac{n}{d}) \\ 且;\epsilon(n) = \sum_{d \mid n}\mu(d)\\ 所以:\mu^{-1}(n) = 1(n) = 1 \]

暂时写这么多

posted @ 2022-11-17 19:42  Mcggvc  阅读(322)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报