类 Unix 系统 Package Management 基础知识

Package Management Basics: apt, yum, dnf, pkg

Introduction

Most modern Unix-like operating systems offer a centralized mechanism for finding and installing software. Software is usually distributed in the form of packages, kept in repositories. Working with packages is known as package management. Packages provide the basic components of an operating system, along with shared libraries, applications, services, and documentation.

A package management system does much more than one-time installation of software. It also provides tools for upgrading already-installed packages. Package repositories help to ensure that code has been vetted for use on your system, and that the installed versions of software have been approved by developers and package maintainers.

When configuring servers or development environments, it’s often necessary look beyond official repositories. Packages in the stable release of a distribution may be out of date, especially where new or rapidly-changing software is concerned. Nevertheless, package management is a vital skill for system administrators and developers, and the wealth of packaged software for major distributions is a tremendous resource.

This guide is intended as a quick reference for the fundamentals of finding, installing, and upgrading packages on a variety of distributions, and should help you translate that knowledge between systems.

 

Package Management Systems: A Brief Overview

Most package systems are built around collections of package files. A package file is usually an archive which contains compiled binaries and other resources making up the software, along with installation scripts. Packages also contain valuable metadata, including their dependencies, a list of other packages required to install and run them.

While their functionality and benefits are broadly similar, packaging formats and tools vary by platform:

Operating SystemFormatTool(s)
Debian .deb aptapt-cacheapt-getdpkg
Ubuntu .deb aptapt-cacheapt-getdpkg
CentOS .rpm yum
Fedora .rpm dnf
FreeBSD Ports, .txz makepkg

In Debian and systems based on it, like Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Raspbian, the package format is the .deb file. APT, the Advanced Packaging Tool, provides commands used for most common operations: Searching repositories, installing collections of packages and their dependencies, and managing upgrades. APT commands operate as a front-end to the lower-level dpkg utility, which handles the installation of individual .deb files on the local system, and is sometimes invoked directly.

Recent releases of most Debian-derived distributions include the apt command, which offers a concise and unified interface to common operations that have traditionally been handled by the more-specific apt-get and apt-cache. Its use is optional, but may simplify some tasks.

CentOS, Fedora, and other members of the Red Hat family use RPM files. In CentOS, yum is used to interact with both individual package files and repositories.

In recent versions of Fedora, yum has been supplanted by dnf, a modernized fork which retains most of yum’s interface.

FreeBSD’s binary package system is administered with the pkg command. FreeBSD also offers the Ports Collection, a local directory structure and tools which allow the user to fetch, compile, and install packages directly from source using Makefiles. It’s usually much more convenient to use pkg, but occasionally a pre-compiled package is unavailable, or you may need to change compile-time options.

 

Update Package Lists

Most systems keep a local database of the packages available from remote repositories. It’s best to update this database before installing or upgrading packages. As a partial exception to this pattern, yum and dnf will check for updates before performing some operations, but you can ask them at any time whether updates are available.

SystemCommand
Debian / Ubuntu sudo apt-get update
  sudo apt update
CentOS yum check-update
Fedora dnf check-update
FreeBSD Packages sudo pkg update
FreeBSD Ports sudo portsnap fetch update
 

Upgrade Installed Packages

Making sure that all of the installed software on a machine stays up to date would be an enormous undertaking without a package system. You would have to track upstream changes and security alerts for hundreds of different packages. While a package manager doesn’t solve every problem you’ll encounter when upgrading software, it does enable you to maintain most system components with a few commands.

On FreeBSD, upgrading installed ports can introduce breaking changes or require manual configuration steps. It’s best to read /usr/ports/UPDATING before upgrading with portmaster.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu sudo apt-get upgrade Only upgrades installed packages, where possible.
  sudo apt-get dist-upgrade May add or remove packages to satisfy new dependencies.
  sudo apt upgrade Like apt-get upgrade.
  sudo apt full-upgrade Like apt-get dist-upgrade.
CentOS sudo yum update  
Fedora sudo dnf upgrade  
FreeBSD Packages sudo pkg upgrade  
FreeBSD Ports less /usr/ports/UPDATING Uses less to view update notes for ports (use arrow keys to scroll, press q to quit).
  cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster && sudo make install && sudo portmaster -a Installs portmaster and uses it to update installed ports.
 

Find a Package

Most distributions offer a graphical or menu-driven front end to package collections. These can be a good way to browse by category and discover new software. Often, however, the quickest and most effective way to locate a package is to search with command-line tools.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu apt-cache search search_string  
  apt search search_string  
CentOS yum search search_string  
  yum search all search_string Searches all fields, including description.
Fedora dnf search search_string  
  dnf search all search_string Searches all fields, including description.
FreeBSD Packages pkg search search_string Searches by name.
  pkg search -f search_string Searches by name, returning full descriptions.
  pkg search -D search_string Searches description.
FreeBSD Ports cd /usr/ports && make search name=package Searches by name.
  cd /usr/ports && make search key=search_string Searches comments, descriptions, and dependencies.
 

View Info About a Specific Package

When deciding what to install, it’s often helpful to read detailed descriptions of packages. Along with human-readable text, these often include metadata like version numbers and a list of the package’s dependencies.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu apt-cache show package Shows locally-cached info about a package.
  apt show package  
  dpkg -s package Shows the current installed status of a package.
CentOS yum info package  
  yum deplist package Lists dependencies for a package.
Fedora dnf info package  
  dnf repoquery --requires package Lists dependencies for a package.
FreeBSD Packages pkg info package Shows info for an installed package.
FreeBSD Ports cd /usr/ports/category/port && cat pkg-descr  
 

Install a Package from Repositories

Once you know the name of a package, you can usually install it and its dependencies with a single command. In general, you can supply multiple packages to install simply by listing them all.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu sudo apt-get install package  
  sudo apt-get install package1 package2 ... Installs all listed packages.
  sudo apt-get install -y package Assumes “yes” where apt would usually prompt to continue.
  sudo apt install package Displays a colored progress bar.
CentOS sudo yum install package  
  sudo yum install package1 package2 ... Installs all listed packages.
  sudo yum install -y package Assumes “yes” where yum would usually prompt to continue.
Fedora sudo dnf install package  
  sudo dnf install package1 package2 ... Installs all listed packages.
  sudo dnf install -y package Assumes “yes” where dnf would usually prompt to continue.
FreeBSD Packages sudo pkg install package  
  sudo pkg install package1 package2 ... Installs all listed packages.
FreeBSD Ports cd /usr/ports/category/port && sudo make install Builds and installs a port from source.
 

Install a Package from the Local Filesystem

Sometimes, even though software isn’t officially packaged for a given operating system, a developer or vendor will offer package files for download. You can usually retrieve these with your web browser, or via curl on the command line. Once a package is on the target system, it can often be installed with a single command.

On Debian-derived systems, dpkg handles individual package files. If a package has unmet dependencies, gdebi can often be used to retrieve them from official repositories.

On CentOS and Fedora systems, yum and dnf are used to install individual files, and will also handle needed dependencies.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu sudo dpkg -i package.deb  
  sudo apt-get install -y gdebi && sudo gdebi package.deb Installs and uses gdebi to install package.deb and retrieve any missing dependencies.
CentOS sudo yum install package.rpm  
Fedora sudo dnf install package.rpm  
FreeBSD Packages sudo pkg add package.txz  
  sudo pkg add -f package.txz Installs package even if already installed.
 

Remove One or More Installed Packages

Since a package manager knows what files are provided by a given package, it can usually remove them cleanly from a system if the software is no longer needed.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu sudo apt-get remove package  
  sudo apt remove package  
  sudo apt-get autoremove Removes unneeded packages.
CentOS sudo yum remove package  
Fedora sudo dnf erase package  
FreeBSD Packages sudo pkg delete package  
  sudo pkg autoremove Removes unneeded packages.
FreeBSD Ports sudo pkg delete package  
  cd /usr/ports/path_to_port && make deinstall De-installs an installed port.
 

The apt Command

Administrators of Debian-family distributions are generally familiar with apt-get and apt-cache. Less widely known is the simplified apt interface, designed specifically for interactive use.

Traditional Commandapt Equivalent
apt-get update apt update
apt-get dist-upgrade apt full-upgrade
apt-cache search string apt search string
apt-get install package apt install package
apt-get remove package apt remove package
apt-get purge package apt purge package

While apt is often a quicker shorthand for a given operation, it’s not intended as a complete replacement for the traditional tools, and its interface may change between versions to improve usability. If you are using package management commands inside a script or a shell pipeline, it’s a good idea to stick with apt-get and apt-cache.

 

Get Help

In addition to web-based documentation, keep in mind that Unix manual pages (usually referred to as man pages) are available for most commands from the shell. To read a page, use man:

  • man page

In man, you can navigate with the arrow keys. Press / to search for text within the page, and q to quit.

SystemCommandNotes
Debian / Ubuntu man apt-get Updating the local package database and working with packages.
  man apt-cache Querying the local package database.
  man dpkg Working with individual package files and querying installed packages.
  man apt Working with a more concise, user-friendly interface to most basic operations.
CentOS man yum  
Fedora man dnf  
FreeBSD Packages man pkg Working with pre-compiled binary packages.
FreeBSD Ports man ports Working with the Ports Collection.
 

Conclusion and Further Reading

This guide provides an overview of basic operations that can be cross-referenced between systems, but only scratches the surface of a complex topic. For greater detail on a given system, you can consult the following resources:

posted @ 2019-10-21 13:35  mapleay  Views(148)  Comments(0Edit  收藏  举报