狂神Java Web (五)Servlet详解
Servlet
1. Servlet简介
- Sun公司用于开发动态web的一门技术。
- Sun在API中提供一个接口:Servlet。如果想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个步骤:
- 编写一个类实现Servlet接口
- 将开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做,Servlet
2. Hello Servlet
Maven父子项目:
构建一个普通的Maven项目,删除掉src
目录,之后在其中建立Module
即可,该空项目即Maven主工程,父项目
在父项目的pom.xml
中会有:
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
在子项目的pom.xml
中会有:
<parent>
<artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>com.maple</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
- 可能是IDEA版本的问题,有时候新建Module会没有设置成功父项目,设置成功时会显示子项目的pom文件为Ignored,变成灰色的
- 不建议使用3.6.x版本,还是3.5.4比较稳定
- 有时候IDEA会在一开始时出现parent标签,如果使用webapps模板的话会自动删掉,不知道原因,可以手动添加。
父项目中的jar
子项目可以直接使用
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
<artifactId>jsp-api</artifactId>
<version>2.2</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Maven环境优化:
- 修改web.xml为最新的
- 将maven环境搭建完整
编写servlet程序:
- 编写一个普通类
- 实现servlet接口,直接继承 HttpServlet即可。
在Servlet接口中,Sun公司有两个默认的实现类
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
/**
* Module中子项目的servlet学习
*
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/27 027 19:52
*/
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
// get 或者 post只是请求实现的不同方式,可以互相调用,业务逻辑都一样。
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("进入doGet方法...");
// ServletInputStream inputStream = req.getInputStream(); // 输入流
// ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream(); // 输出流
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter(); // 响应流
out.print("Hello,Servlet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 编写Servlet的映射
因为写的是Java程序,但需要通过浏览器访问,浏览器就需要连接web服务器,所以需要在web服务中注册写的Servlet,还要给它一个浏览器能够访问的路径。
在web.xml
中注册servlet和对应的路径:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd" version="4.0" metadata-complete="true"> <!-- 注册servlet --> <servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.maple.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <!-- servlet的请求路径 --> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>
- 配置tomcat服务器即可。
在配置tomcat时,经常因为编码问题出现乱码,一致统一为UTF-8比较好。设置了IDEA里面的编码后,如果控制台中一开始显示正常,但在servlet中sout
打印的中文出现乱码,可以在设置Tomcat服务器时,在选项 VM options 中设置:-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
- 配置tomcat服务器即可。
3. Servlet原理
4. Mapping问题
1.一个Servlet指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
2.一个Servlet指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
3.一个Servlet指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
如果直接指定 /*
,会变成默认请求路径,覆盖掉index.jsp
4.指定一些后缀或前缀等
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
自定义后缀实现请求映射,注意星号之前不能加映射的路径: /*.do
会报错
5.优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径,优先级最高;如果找不到,就会走默认的请求处理。
<!-- 注册servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maple.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!-- servlet的请求路径 -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maple.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
5. servlet相关方法
// this.getInitParameter(); 初始化参数
// this.getServletConfig(); Servlet配置
// this.getServletContext(); Servlet上下文
// 这些方法一般写在servlet的doGet方法中
getInitParameter()
可以获取初始化参数,该参数可以分为servlet中的初始化参数,和全局上下文参数,在web.xml
中进行配置,很少使用。<servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.maple.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>...</param-name> <param-value>...</param-value> </init-param> </servlet> <context-param> <param-name>...</param-name> <param-value>...</param-value> </context-param>
getServletConfig()
可以获取Servlet的配置getServletContext()
获取Servlet的上下文
6. ServletContext对象
web容器在启动的时候,会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,代表了当前的web应用;
作用:
共享数据
在当前servlet中保存的数据,可以在另一个servlet中拿到
HelloServlet.java:
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/27 027 22:27
*/
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "用户Maple";
// 将一个数据保存在ServletContext中
context.setAttribute("username", username);
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
GetServlet.java:
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* 从ServletContext中获取信息
*
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/27 027 22:45
*/
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
System.out.println("获取到的用户名为: " + username);
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().println("用户:"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
然后不要忘了在web.xml
中添加对应的servlet。
进行测试,如果直接访问get对应的url,会显示获取到的为null
,先访问hello再访问get则可以正常获取到用户名。
获取初始化参数
在web.xml
中写入初始化参数,然后在servlet中可以利用getServletContext()
,context.getInitParameter("url")
获取对应的参数内容。
<!-- 配置web应用初始化参数 -->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/27 027 23:00
*/
public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().println(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
请求转发
请求转发的url不会发生变化,但重定向的url会发生变化。
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/27 027 23:06
*/
public class ServletDemo04 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
// 转发到的请求路径
RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");
// 调用forward实现请求转发
requestDispatcher.forward(req, resp);
// context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
输入该servlet对应的地址即可访问到/gp
对应的 servlet,即请求转发。
Properties 读取资源文件
在java目录下新建properties,在resources目录下新建properties,都被打包到了同一个路径下,classes
。称该路径为classpath
。通过文件流可以读取对应的资源文件。
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Properties;
/**
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/27 027 23:27
*/
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream stream = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
InputStream stream1 = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/maple/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(stream);
String username = properties.getProperty("username");
String password = properties.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().println("user: " + username + " ; password: " + password);
Properties properties1 = new Properties();
properties1.load(stream1);
String username1 = properties1.getProperty("username");
String password1 = properties1.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().println("user: " + username1 + " ; password: " + password1);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
在resources目录下写db.properties
,在java目录下写 aa.properties
,如果想要java目录下的打包到对应的位置,需要手动在pom.xml
中配置build、resources,防止资源导出失败:
<!-- 在build中配置resources,防止资源导出失败 -->
<build>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.properties</include>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
</includes>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/java</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.properties</include>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
</includes>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
</resources>
</build>
最后通过context的getResourceAsStream
将对应位置的资源读取为流,通过Properties
类读取流,并获取其中的内容。
7. HttpServletResponse
Web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对该请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象、代表相应的HttpServletResponse对象;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找 HttpServletRequest;
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息,找 HttpServletResponse
7.1 简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
public PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException; // 一般写中文用
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
public void setCharacterEncoding(String charset);
public void setContentLength(int len);
public void setContentLengthLong(long len);
public void setContentType(String type);
public void setDateHeader(String name, long date);
public void addDateHeader(String name, long date);
public void setHeader(String name, String value);
public void addHeader(String name, String value);
public void setIntHeader(String name, int value);
public void addIntHeader(String name, int value);
7.2 常见应用
1.向浏览器输出消息
2.下载文件
- 获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名
- 想办法让浏览器支持下载所需的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区数据输出到客户端
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
/**
* 下载文件
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/28 028 8:50
*/
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 1. 获取下载文件的路径
// String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/logo.jpg");
String realPath = "E:\\Code\\KuangStudyJavaWeb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response-01\\target\\response-01\\WEB-INF" +
"\\classes\\中文.jpg";
System.out.println("realPath: " + realPath);
// 2. 下载的文件名
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
System.out.println("fileName: " + fileName);
// 3. 想办法让浏览器支持下载所需的东西 (Content-Disposition),中文文件名用URLEncoder.encode编码防止乱码
// resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;filename=" + fileName);
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName, "UTF-8"));
// 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
// 5. 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// 6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
// 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区数据输出到客户端
while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
out.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
3.验证码实现
验证码的实现:
- 前端实现:js
- 后端实现:java图片类,生成一个图片
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* 验证码图片
*
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/28 028 9:34
*/
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 让浏览器3s自动刷新一次
resp.setHeader("refresh", "3");
// 在内存中创建图片
BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
// 得到图片
Graphics2D graphics = (Graphics2D) bufferedImage.getGraphics(); // 笔
// 设置图片的背景颜色
graphics.setColor(Color.white);
graphics.fillRect(0, 0, 80, 20);
// 给图片写数据
graphics.setColor(Color.BLUE);
graphics.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));
graphics.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);
// 告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
// 不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
// 把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
/**
* 生成随机数
* @return
*/
private String makeNum() {
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
// 补零,确保是6位数
for (int i = 0; i < 6 - num.length(); i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString() + num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
4.重定向
一个web资源B收到客户端A请求后,通知客户端A访问另一个web资源C,该过程叫重定向。
常见场景:用户登录;
public void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException;
重定向:
public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 原理
// resp.setHeader("Location", "/response_01_war/image");
// resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_FOUND);
resp.sendRedirect("/response_01_war/image");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
重定向与转发的异同点:
- 相同:
- 页面都会跳转
- 不同:
- 请求转发的时候,URL不会产生变化 307
- 重定向的时候,URL地址栏会发生变化 302
登录重定向的小demo:
创建处理登录重定向的Servlet:
public class RequestTestServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("进入这个请求了");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println("username: " + username + " ,password: " + password);
// 重定向的时候一定要注意路径问题,否则会404
resp.sendRedirect("/response_01_war/success.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
在index.jsp中添加登录提交:
<%@page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="utf-8" %>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<%-- 这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径 --%>
<%-- ${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前项目 --%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/request" method="get">
用户名: <input type="text" name="username" /> <br/>
密 码: <input type="password" name="password" /> <br/>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
在jsp中指定编码格式可以防止中文乱码。
8. HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过HTTP协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest中,通过其方法,可以获取请求的信息。
- getContextPath() 获取当前路径
- getHeader() 获取头信息
- getHttpServletMapping() 获取请求的路径
- getRequestURL() 获取请求的URL
获取前端传递的参数及请求转发:
request.getParameter(String s)
request.getParameterValues(String s)
接受登录信息的servlet文件:
package com.maple.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
/**
* @author maple_w
* Created on 21/07/28 028 10:44
*/
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 解决后台接受中文乱码问题
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
// 重定向
// resp.sendRedirect("/resuest-01/success.jsp");
// 通过请求转发, 此处的 / 就是当前web应用,不需要在多写了。
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
登录的jsp页面:
<%--
User: Yuhang
Date: 21/07/28 028
Time: 10:43
--%>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<%-- 以post方式提交表单,提交到login请求 --%>
<div style="text-align: center">
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br/>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br/>
爱好:
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="女孩">女孩
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="代码">代码
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="sing">唱歌
<input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="movie">电影
<br/>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>