基本数据类型

int的存储宽度是4个Bytes,即32个bit,即2**32
无符号最大值为:4294967296-1
有符号最大值:2147483648-1
有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10,而针对有符号的最小值则需要11位才能显示完全,所以int类型默认的显示宽度为11是非常合理的
最后:整形类型,其实没有必要指定显示宽度,使用默认的就ok

来自 <http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7233411.html> 


3、测试:默认整型都是有符号的
create table t1(x tinyint);
insert into t1 values(128),(-129);

create table t2(x tinyint unsigned);
insert into t2 values(-1),(256);


create table t3(x int unsigned);
#4294967295
insert into t3 values(4294967296);


create table t4(x int(12) unsigned);
insert into t4 values(4294967296123);

4,强调:对于整型来说 ,数据类型后的宽度并不是存储限制,而是显示限制
  所以在创建表示,如果字段采用的是整型类型,完全无需指定显示宽度,
    默认的显示宽度,足够显示完整当初存放的数据

显示时,不够8位用0填充,如果超出8位则正常显示
create table t5(x int(8) unsigned zerofill);
insert into t5 values(4294967296123);
insert into t5 values(1);
 
补充一点
# 查看sql_mode
mysql> show variables like "%sql_mode%";
+----------------------------+---------------------+
| Variable_name              | Value               |
+----------------------------+---------------------+
| binlogging_impossible_mode | IGNORE_ERROR        |
| block_encryption_mode      | aes-128-ecb         |
| gtid_mode                  | OFF                 |
| innodb_autoinc_lock_mode   | 1                   |
| innodb_strict_mode         | OFF                 |
| pseudo_slave_mode          | OFF                 |
| slave_exec_mode            | STRICT              |
| sql_mode                   | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES |
+----------------------------+---------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#修改sql_mode为严格模式:在该模式下,如果插入的数据超过限制,则会立即报错
mysql> set global sql_mode="strict_trans_tables";

#FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]

定义:
        单精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

有符号:
           -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38,
           1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38
无符号:
           1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38


精确度: 
           **** 随着小数的增多,精度变得不准确 ****


======================================
#DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]

定义:
           双精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

有符号:
           -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308
           2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

无符号:
           2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
            
精确度:
           ****随着小数的增多,精度比float要高,但也会变得不准确 ****

======================================
decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill]

定义:
          准确的小数值,m是数字总个数(负号不算),d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65,d最大值为30。


精确度:
           **** 随着小数的增多,精度始终准确 ****
           对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型
           decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。

create table t9(x float(255,30));
 create table t10(x double(255,30));
 create table t11(x decimal(65,30));
 
insert into t9 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);
insert into t10 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);
insert into t11 values(1.111111111111111111111111111111);


mysql> select * from t9;
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111164093017600000000000000 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t10;
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111111111111200000000000000 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t11;
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111111111111111111111111111 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3、测试:字符的宽度限制单位是字符个数
create table t12(x char(4)); # 超出4个字符则报错,不够4个字符则用空格补全成4个字符
create table t13(y varchar(4));# 超出4个字符则报错,不够4个字符那么字符有几个就存几个

insert into t12 values('hello');
insert into t13 values('hello');


insert into t12 values('a'); #'a    '
insert into t13 values('a'); #'a'

看长度 
set global sql_mode="strict_trans_tables,PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH";
select char_length(x) from t12; #4
select char_length(y) from t13; #1
注意:
针对char类型,mysql在存储时会将数据用空格补全存放到硬盘中
但会在读出结果时自动去掉末尾的空格,因为末尾的空格在以下场景中是无用
mysql> select * from t14 where name="lxx"; # name字段明确地等于一个值,该值后填充空格是没有用


mysql> select * from t14 where name like "lxx"; # name字段模糊匹配一个值,该值后填充空格是有用的

对比char与varchar

name char(5)
# 缺点:浪费空间
# 优点:存取速度都快
egon alex lxx  wxx  yx

name varchar(5)
# 缺点:存取速度都慢
# 优点:节省空间
(1bytes+egon)(1bytes+alex)(1bytes+lxx)
官方图

推荐使用char 

DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR 
作用:存储用户注册时间,文章发布时间,员工入职时间,出生时间,过期时间等
 

        YEAR
            YYYY(1901/2155)

        DATE
            YYYY-MM-DD(1000-01-01/9999-12-31)

        TIME
            HH:MM:SS('-838:59:59'/'838:59:59')

        DATETIME

            YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS(1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59    Y)

        TIMESTAMP

            YYYYMMDD HHMMSS(1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时)

 

============year===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度,最后都默认是year(4)
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values  
    -> (1900),
    -> (1901),
    -> (2155),
    -> (2156);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10;
+-----------+
| born_year |
+-----------+
|      0000 |
|      1901 |
|      2155 |
|      0000 |
+-----------+


============date,time,datetime===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t11;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d     | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| t     | time     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dt    | datetime | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now());
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+



============timestamp===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values();
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+---------------------+
| time                |
+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 16:29:17 |
| 2017-07-25 16:30:01 |
+---------------------+



============注意啦,注意啦,注意啦===========
1. 单独插入时间时,需要以字符串的形式,按照对应的格式插入
2. 插入年份时,尽量使用4位值
3. 插入两位年份时,<=69,以20开头,比如50,  结果2050      
                >=70,以19开头,比如71,结果1971
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values  
    -> (50),
    -> (71);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+------+
| y    |
+------+
| 2050 |
| 1971 |
+------+



============综合练习===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table student(
    -> id int,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> born_year year,
    -> birth date,
    -> class_time time,
    -> reg_time datetime);

MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values
    -> (1,'alex',"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"),
    -> (2,'egon',"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"),
    -> (3,'wsb',"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13");

MariaDB [db1]> select * from student;
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| id   | name | born_year | birth      | class_time | reg_time            |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
|    1 | alex |      1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11   | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 |
|    2 | egon |      1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12   | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 |
|    3 | wsb  |      1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13   | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+

 

在实际应用的很多场景中,MySQL的这两种日期类型都能够满足我们的需要,存储精度都为秒,但在某些情况下,会展现出他们各自的优劣。下面就来总结一下两种日期类型的区别。

1.DATETIME的日期范围是1001——9999年,TIMESTAMP的时间范围是1970——2038年。

2.DATETIME存储时间与时区无关,TIMESTAMP存储时间与时区有关,显示的值也依赖于时区。在mysql服务器,操作系统以及客户端连接都有时区的设置。

3.DATETIME使用8字节的存储空间,TIMESTAMP的存储空间为4字节。因此,TIMESTAMP比DATETIME的空间利用率更高。

4.DATETIME的默认值为null;TIMESTAMP的字段默认不为空(not null),默认值为当前时间(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),如果不做特殊处理,并且update语句中没有指定该列的更新值,则默认更新为当前时间。

create table student(
    id int,
    name char(16),
    born_year year,
    birth date,
    class_time time,
    reg_time datetime
);

insert into student values(1,'egon','2000','2000-01-27','08:30:00','2013-11-11 11:11:11');
http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7233411.html  日期相关了解

测试
create table teacher(
 id int,
 name char(16)
 
 sex enum('male','female','others'),
 hobbies set('play','read','music','piao')
);

 

posted @ 2018-05-08 16:22  嘿,  阅读(197)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报