11g direct path read介绍:10949 event、_small_table_threshold与_serial_direct_read

在11g之前串行的扫描大表默认总是先将数据读取到Oracle高速缓冲中，其等待事件常为db file scattered read。   从11g开始Oracle通过内部算法来决定串行扫描大表是通过直接路径读direct path read，还是先读入到buffer cache中，此算法依据表的大小评估。   _small_table_threshold 隐藏参数指定了 ORACLE中大表的阀值，其单位为block，即大于_small_table_threshold 所指定的块数的表被视作大表， 否之视为"small table"。 对于大表"large table"，SQL执行层认为存在直接路径读取的意义(direct path read)。 对于小表，将它缓存在buffer cache中的收益更大，所以直接路径读取不具有意义。_small_table_threshold 隐藏参数的值在实例启动时动态决定，一般为 2% * DB_CACHE_SIZE。   direct path read的优势：     1. 减少了对闩(latch)的使用，避免可能的闩争用   2.物理IO的大小不再取决于buffer_cache中所存在的块；试想某个8个块的extent中1,3,5,7号块在高速缓存中，而2,4,6,8块没有被缓存，传统的方式在读取该extent时将会是对2,4,6,8块进行4次db file sequential read，其效率往往要比单次读取这个区间的所有8个块还要低得多，Oracle为了避免这种情况总是尽可能的不缓存大表的块(读入后总是放在队列最冷的一端);而direct path read则可以完全避免这类问题，尽可能地单次读入更多的物理块。     当然直接路径读取也会引入一些缺点：   1.即便在buffer cache足够大到可以放下整个大表的情况下，direct path read无法从高速缓冲受益，每次扫描大表均需重复等量的直接路径物理读取IO 2.在直接路径读取某段前需要对该对象进行一次段级的检查点(A segment checkpoint). 3.可能导致重复的延迟块清除操作             该11g自动判断direct path read的特性适用场景：   1. 对大表不频繁地串行全表扫描的场景 2. Db Cache Size高速缓冲大小远小于表的大小的场景   不推荐在以下场景中开启该11g自动判断direct path read特性：   1. 从运行稳定的老版本(9i、10g)升级到11g的数据库 2. 对大表频繁地串行全表扫描的场景     SQL> select * from v$version;   BANNER -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production CORE    11.2.0.3.0      Production TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production   col name for a30 col value for a20 col DESCRIB for a60 set linesize 140 pagesize 1400   SELECT x.ksppinm NAME, y.ksppstvl VALUE, x.ksppdesc describ FROM SYS.x$ksppi x, SYS.x$ksppcv y WHERE x.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance') AND y.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance') AND x.indx = y.indx AND (x.ksppinm ='_small_table_threshold'  or x.ksppinm='_serial_direct_read');     NAME                           VALUE                DESCRIB ------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ _small_table_threshold         1143                 lower threshold level of table size for direct reads _serial_direct_read            auto                 enable direct read in serial       其中_small_table_threshold 隐藏参数指定了 ORACLE中大表的阀值，其单位为block，即大于_small_table_threshold 所指定的块数的表被视作大表， 否之视为"small table"。 对于大表"large table"，SQL执行层认为存在直接路径读取的意义(direct path read)。 对于小表，将它缓存在buffer cache中的收益更大，所以直接路径读取不具有意义。     _small_table_threshold 隐藏参数的值在实例启动时动态决定，一般为 2% * DB_CACHE_SIZE。   SQL> alter system set db_cache_size=1024M scope=spfile;   System altered.     RESTART INSTANCE:     SQL> col name for a30 SQL> col value for a20 SQL> col DESCRIB for a60 SQL> set linesize 140 pagesize 1400 SQL> SQL> SELECT x.ksppinm NAME, y.ksppstvl VALUE, x.ksppdesc describ 2   FROM SYS.x$ksppi x, SYS.x$ksppcv y 3   WHERE x.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance') 4   AND y.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance') 5   AND x.indx = y.indx 6  AND (x.ksppinm ='_small_table_threshold'  or x.ksppinm='_serial_direct_read');   NAME                           VALUE                DESCRIB ------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ _small_table_threshold         2522                 lower threshold level of table size for direct reads _serial_direct_read            auto                 enable direct read in serial       2522 block = 2522 * 8k = =  19.7 M 约等于 1024 * 2%         SQL> create table tmac (t1 char(2000)) pctfree 99 pctused 1 tablespace users;   Table created.   SQL> insert into tmac select 'MACLEAN' from dual connect by level <=2530;   2530 rows created.   SQL> commit;   Commit complete.         SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SYS','TMAC');   PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.         SQL> select blocks from dba_tables where table_name='TMAC';   BLOCKS ---------- 2638 SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache;     SQL> select count(*) from tmac;   COUNT(*) ---------- 2530   SQL> select vm.sid, vs.name, vm.value 2      from v$mystat vm, v$sysstat vs 3     where vm.statistic# = vs.statistic# 4       and vs.name in ('cleanouts only - consistent read gets', 5                       'session logical reads', 6                       'physical reads', 7                       'physical reads direct');   SID NAME                                                                  VALUE ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 135 session logical reads                                                  2859 135 physical reads                                                         2763 135 physical reads direct                                                  2576 135 cleanouts only - consistent read gets                                     0       physical reads direct  增加说明上面的查询使用了direct path read     SQL> alter session set "_serial_direct_read"=never;   Session altered.   SQL> select count(*) from tmac;   COUNT(*) ---------- 2530   SQL> select vm.sid, vs.name, vm.value 2      from v$mystat vm, v$sysstat vs 3     where vm.statistic# = vs.statistic# 4       and vs.name in ('cleanouts only - consistent read gets', 5                       'session logical reads', 6                       'physical reads', 7                       'physical reads direct');   SID NAME                                                                  VALUE ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 135 session logical reads                                                  5497 135 physical reads                                                         5339 135 physical reads direct                                                  2576 135 cleanouts only - consistent read gets                                     0 SQL> select count(*) from tmac;   COUNT(*) ---------- 2530   SQL> select vm.sid, vs.name, vm.value 2      from v$mystat vm, v$sysstat vs 3     where vm.statistic# = vs.statistic# 4       and vs.name in ('cleanouts only - consistent read gets', 5                       'session logical reads', 6                       'physical reads', 7                       'physical reads direct');   SID NAME                                                                  VALUE ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 135 session logical reads                                                  8135 135 physical reads                                                         5339 135 physical reads direct                                                  2576 135 cleanouts only - consistent read gets                                     0   physical reads direct 不再增加说明以上2次查询未使用direct path read 隐藏参数"_serial_direct_read" 指定了是否启用串行全表扫描下的直接路径读取(direct path read)，其默认值为AUTO，设置为NEVER时禁用11g自动direct path read的特性       SQL> alter session set "_serial_direct_read"=auto;   Session altered.     还原session级别的_serial_direct_read 参数   SQL> delete tmac where rownum<2000;   1999 rows deleted.   SQL> commit;   Commit complete.     SQL> alter table tmac move tablespace users pctfree 10 pctused 90;   Table altered.       SQL>  exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SYS','TMAC');   PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.     SQL> select blocks from dba_tables where table_name='TMAC';   BLOCKS ---------- 189     将TMAC表缩小到 _small_table_threshold以下     SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache;   System altered.       SQL> select count(*) from tmac;   COUNT(*) ---------- 531   SQL> select vm.sid, vs.name, vm.value 2      from v$mystat vm, v$sysstat vs 3     where vm.statistic# = vs.statistic# 4       and vs.name in ('cleanouts only - consistent read gets', 5                       'session logical reads', 6                       'physical reads', 7                       'physical reads direct');   SID NAME                                                                  VALUE ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 135 session logical reads                                                   524 135 physical reads                                                          349 135 physical reads direct                                                     0 135 cleanouts only - consistent read gets                                     1     以上演示证明对于small table(块数小于_small_table_threshold)，SQL执行层自动并不决定使用direct path read，而是将之读取到buffer cache中并逻辑读。   结论：   其中_small_table_threshold 隐藏参数指定了 ORACLE中大表的阀值，其单位为block，即大于_small_table_threshold 所指定的块数的表被视作大表， 否之视为"small table"。 对于大表"large table"，SQL执行层认为存在直接路径读取的意义(direct path read)。 对于小表，将它缓存在buffer cache中的收益更大，所以直接路径读取不具有意义。     _small_table_threshold 隐藏参数的值在实例启动时动态决定，一般为 2% * DB_CACHE_SIZE。     隐藏参数"_serial_direct_read" 指定了是否启用串行全表扫描下的直接路径读取(direct path read)，其默认值为AUTO，设置为NEVER时禁用11g自动direct path read的特性   “As of 11.2.0.2 the legal settings are true, false, always, auto, and never true is the same effect as always false is the same effect as auto Default value is "auto" Setting event 10949 or event 10354 may also have the side effect of making oracle behave as if _serial_direct_read = never”   该参数可以动态在实例或会话级别修改，而无需重启实例。     类似的10949 EVENT事件也可以起到类似的作用。       设置event 10949可以避免采用直接路径读取方式，该事件可以在线设置，但对现有session可能不会生效：   在实例级别设置：   ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS '10949 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER';   设置到SPFILE中：   alter system set event='10949 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER' scope=spfile;   在session级别设置：   ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10949 TRACE NAME CONTEXT FOREVER';