Linux-ansible常用模块

常用模块帮助文档参考:

https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/modules/modules_by_category.html

Command 模块

  • 功能:在远程主机执行命令,此为默认模块,可忽略 -m 选项
  • 注意:此命令不支持 $VARNAME < > | ; & 等,可能用shell模块实现
  • 注意:此模块不具有幂等性
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'chdir=/etc cat centos-release'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 8.1.1911 (Core)
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'chdir=/etc creates=/data/f1.txt
cat centos-release'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
10.0.0.8 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
skipped, since /data/f1.txt exists
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'chdir=/etc removes=/data/f1.txt
cat centos-release'
10.0.0.7 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
skipped, since /data/f1.txt does not exist
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 8.1.1911 (Core)

Shell 模块

  • 功能:和command相似,用shell执行命令,支持各种符号,比如:*,$, >
  • 注意:此模块不具有幂等性

范例:

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a "echo $HOSTNAME"
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
ansible
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
ansible
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
centos7.wangxiaochun.com
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
centos8.localdomain
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo centos | passwd --stdin wang'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user wang.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user wang.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'ls -l /etc/shadow'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
---------- 1 root root 889 Mar  2 14:34 /etc/shadow
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
---------- 1 root root 944 Mar  2 14:34 /etc/shadow
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo hello > /data/hello.log'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'cat /data/hello.log'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hello
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hello
  • 注意:调用bash执行命令 类似 cat /tmp/test.md | awk -F'|' '{print $1,$2}' &> /tmp/example.txt 这些 复杂命令,即使使用shell也可能会失败,解决办法:写到脚本时,copy到远程,执行,再把需要的结果 拉回执行命令的机器

Script 模块

  • 功能:在远程主机上运行ansible服务器上的脚本(无需执行权限)
  • 注意:此模块不具有幂等性

范例:

ansible websrvs -m script -a /data/test.sh

Copy 模块

  • 功能:从ansible服务器主控端复制文件到远程主机
  • 注意: src=file 如果是没指明路径,则为当前目录或当前目录下的files目录下的file文件
#如目标存在,默认覆盖,此处指定先备份
ansible websrvs -m copy -a "src=/root/test1.sh dest=/tmp/test2.sh   owner=wang
mode=600 backup=yes"
#指定内容,直接生成目标文件    
ansible websrvs -m copy -a "content='test line1\ntest line2\n'
dest=/tmp/test.txt"
#复制/etc目录自身,注意/etc/后面没有/
ansible websrvs -m copy -a "src=/etc dest=/backup"
#复制/etc/下的文件,不包括/etc/目录自身,注意/etc/后面有/
ansible websrvs -m copy -a "src=/etc/ dest=/backup"

Get_url 模块

  • 功能: 用于将文件从http、https或ftp下载到被管理机节点上

常用参数如下:

url: 下载文件的URL,支持HTTP,HTTPS或FTP协议
dest: 下载到目标路径(绝对路径),如果目标是一个目录,就用服务器上面文件的名称,如果目标设置了名
称就用目标设置的名称
owner:指定属主
group:指定属组
mode:指定权限
force: 如果yes,dest不是目录,将每次下载文件,如果内容改变,替换文件。如果否,则只有在目标不存
在时才会下载该文件
checksum: 对目标文件在下载后计算摘要,以确保其完整性
           示例: checksum="sha256:D98291AC[...]B6DC7B97",
               checksum="sha256:http://example.com/path/sha256sum.txt"
url_username: 用于HTTP基本认证的用户名。 对于允许空密码的站点,此参数可以不使用
`url_password'
url_password: 用于HTTP基本认证的密码。 如果未指定`url_username'参数,则不会使用
`url_password'参数
validate_certs:如果“no”,SSL证书将不会被验证。 适用于自签名证书在私有网站上使用
timeout: URL请求的超时时间,秒为单位

范例:

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m get_url -a
'url=http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz
dest=/usr/local/src/nginx.tar.gz
checksum="md5:b2d33d24d89b8b1f87ff5d251aa27eb8"'

Fetch 模块

  • 功能:从远程主机提取文件至ansible的主控端,copy相反,目前不支持目录

范例:

ansible websrvs -m fetch -a 'src=/root/test.sh dest=/data/scripts'
[root@ansible ~]#ansible   all -m fetch -a 'src=/etc/redhat-release
dest=/data/os'
[root@ansible ~]#tree /data/os/
/data/os/
├── 10.0.0.6
│   └── etc
│       └── redhat-release
├── 10.0.0.7
│   └── etc
│       └── redhat-release
└── 10.0.0.8
   └── etc
       └── redhat-release
6 directories, 3 files

File 模块

  • 功能:设置文件属性,创建软链接等

范例:

#创建空文件
ansible all -m file  -a 'path=/data/test.txt state=touch'
ansible all -m file  -a 'path=/data/test.txt state=absent'       #absent : 删除
ansible all -m file -a "path=/root/test.sh owner=wang mode=755"
#创建目录
ansible all -m file -a "path=/data/mysql state=directory owner=mysql
group=mysql"
#创建软链接
ansible all -m file -a 'src=/data/testfile path|dest|name=/data/testfile-link
state=link'
#创建目录
ansible all -m file  -a 'path=/data/testdir state=directory'
#递归修改目录属性,但不递归至子目录
ansible all -m file -a "path=/data/mysql state=directory owner=mysql
group=mysql"
#递归修改目录及子目录的属性
ansible all -m file -a "path=/data/mysql state=directory owner=mysql group=mysql
recurse=yes"

stat 模块

  • 功能:检查文件或文件系统的状态
  • 注意:对于Windows目标,请改用win_stat模块

选项:

path:文件/对象的完整路径(必须)

常用的返回值判断:

exists: 判断是否存在
isuid: 调用用户的ID与所有者ID是否匹配

范例:

[root@centos7-liyj ~]#ansible 127.0.0.1 -m stat -a 'path=/etc/passwd'
127.0.0.1 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "stat": {
        "atime": 1652698111.826, 
        "attr_flags": "", 
        "attributes": [], 
        "block_size": 4096, 
        "blocks": 8, 
        "charset": "us-ascii", 
        "checksum": "d99e68865343f59b1512f3d313d1eb718ef9dd41", 
        "ctime": 1650287592.0300713, 
        "dev": 2050, 
        "device_type": 0, 
        "executable": false, 
        "exists": true, 
        "gid": 0, 
        "gr_name": "root", 
        "inode": 135574040, 
        "isblk": false, 
        "ischr": false, 
        "isdir": false, 
        "isfifo": false, 
        "isgid": false, 
        "islnk": false, 
        "isreg": true, 
        "issock": false, 
        "isuid": false, 
        "mimetype": "text/plain", 
        "mode": "0644", 
        "mtime": 1650287592.0290713, 
        "nlink": 1, 
        "path": "/etc/passwd", 
        "pw_name": "root", 
        "readable": true, 
        "rgrp": true, 
        "roth": true, 
        "rusr": true, 
        "size": 953, 
        "uid": 0, 
        "version": "1695877110", 
        "wgrp": false, 
        "woth": false, 
        "writeable": true, 
        "wusr": true, 
        "xgrp": false, 
        "xoth": false, 
        "xusr": false
    }
}
例子

unarchive 模块

  • 功能:解包解压缩
  • 实现有两种用法:
  • 将ansible主机上的压缩包传到远程主机后解压缩至特定目录,设置copy=yes,此为默认值,可省略
  • 将远程主机上的某个压缩包解压缩到指定路径下,设置copy=no

常见参数:

copy:默认为yes,当copy=yes,拷贝的文件是从ansible主机复制到远程主机上,如果设置为copy=no,
会在远程主机上寻找src源文件
remote_src:和copy功能一样且互斥,yes表示在远程主机,不在ansible主机,no表示文件在ansible
主机上
src:源路径,可以是ansible主机上的路径,也可以是远程主机(被管理端或者第三方主机)上的路径,如果
是远程主机上的路径,则需要设置copy=no
dest:远程主机上的目标路径
mode:设置解压缩后的文件权限

范例:

ansible all -m unarchive -a 'src=/data/foo.tgz dest=/var/lib/foo owner=wang
group=bin'
ansible all -m unarchive -a 'src=/tmp/foo.zip dest=/data copy=no mode=0777'
ansible all -m unarchive -a 'src=https://example.com/example.zip dest=/data
copy=no'
ansible websrvs -m unarchive -a
'src=https://releases.ansible.com/ansible/ansible-2.1.6.0-0.1.rc1.tar.gz
dest=/data/   owner=root remote_src=yes'
ansible websrvs -m unarchive -a 'src=http://nginx.org/download/nginx1.18.0.tar.gz dest=/usr/local/src/ copy=no'

Archive 模块

  • 功能:打包压缩保存在被管理节点

范例:

ansible websrvs -m archive  -a 'path=/var/log/ dest=/data/log.tar.bz2 format=bz2
owner=wang mode=0600'

Hostname 模块

  • 功能:管理主机名

范例:

ansible node1 -m hostname -a "name=websrv"
ansible 10.0.0.18 -m hostname -a 'name=node18.magedu.com'

Cron 模块

  • 功能:计划任务
  • 支持时间:minute,hour,day,month,weekday

范例:

#备份数据库脚本
[root@centos8 ~]#cat /root/mysql_backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
mysqldump -A -F --single-transaction --master-data=2 -q -uroot |gzip >
/data/mysql_`date +%F_%T`.sql.gz
#创建任务
ansible 10.0.0.8 -m cron -a 'hour=2 minute=30 weekday=1-5 name="backup mysql"
job=/root/mysql_backup.sh'
ansible websrvs   -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate ntp.aliyun.com
&>/dev/null' name=Synctime"
#禁用计划任务
ansible websrvs   -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.20.0.1
&>/dev/null' name=Synctime disabled=yes"
#启用计划任务
ansible websrvs   -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.20.0.1
&>/dev/null' name=Synctime disabled=no"
#删除任务
ansible websrvs -m cron -a "name='backup mysql' state=absent"
ansible websrvs -m cron -a 'state=absent name=Synctime'

Yum 和 Apt 模块

  • 功能:
  • yum 管理软件包,只支持RHEL,CentOS,fedora,不支持Ubuntu其它版本
  • apt 模块管理 Debian 相关版本的软件包

范例:

ansible websrvs -m yum -a 'name=httpd state=present'  #安装
ansible websrvs -m yum -a 'name=nginx state=present enablerepo=epel'  #启用epel源
进行安装
ansible websrvs -m yum -a 'name=* state=lastest exclude=kernel*,foo*' #升级除
kernel和foo开头以外的所有包
ansible websrvs -m yum -a 'name=httpd state=absent'   #删除
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m yum -a 'name=sl,cowsay'

yum_repository 模块

- name: Add multiple repositories into the same file (1/2)
 yum_repository:
   name: epel
   description: EPEL YUM repo
   file: external_repos
   baseurl: https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/$releasever/$basearch/
   gpgcheck: no
- name: Add multiple repositories into the same file (2/2)
 yum_repository:
   name: rpmforge
   description: RPMforge YUM repo
   file: external_repos
   baseurl: http://apt.sw.be/redhat/el7/en/$basearch/rpmforge
   mirrorlist: http://mirrorlist.repoforge.org/el7/mirrors-rpmforge
   enabled: no
    
- name: Remove repository from a specific repo file
   yum_repository:
     name: epel
     file: external_repos
     state: absent

Service 模块

  • 功能:管理服务

范例:

ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=started enabled=yes'
ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=stopped'
ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=reloaded'
ansible all -m shell -a "sed -i 's/^Listen 80/Listen 8080/'
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf"
ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=restarted'

User 模块

  • 功能:管理用户

范例:

#创建用户
ansible all -m user -a 'name=user1 comment="test user" uid=2048 home=/app/user1
group=root'

ansible all -m user -a 'name=nginx comment=nginx uid=88 group=nginx groups="root,daemon" shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes create_home=no home=/data/nginx non_unique=yes'
#remove=yes表示删除用户及家目录等数据,默认remove=no ansible all -m user -a 'name=nginx state=absent remove=yes'
#生成123456加密的密码 ansible localhost
-m debug -a "msg={{ '123456'| password_hash('sha512','salt')}}" localhost | SUCCESS => { "msg": "$6$salt$MktMKPZJ6t59GfxcJU20DwcwQzfMvOlHFVZiOVD71w." }
#用上面创建的密码创建用户 ansible websrvs
-m user -a 'name=test password="$6$salt$MktMKPZJ6t59GfxcJU20DwcwQzfMvOlHFVZiOVD71w."'
#创建用户test,并生成4096bit的私钥 ansible websrvs -m user -a 'name=test generate_ssh_key=yes ssh_key_bits=4096 ssh_key_file=.ssh/id_rsa'

Group 模块

  • 功能:管理组

范例:

#创建组
ansible websrvs -m group  -a 'name=nginx gid=88 system=yes'
#删除组
ansible websrvs -m group  -a 'name=nginx state=absent'

Lineinfile 模块

  • ansible在使用sed进行替换时,经常会遇到需要转义的问题,而且ansible在遇到特殊符号进行替换时, 存在问题,无法正常进行替换 。其实在ansible自身提供了两个模块:lineinfile模块和replace模块,可 以方便的进行替换
  • 一般在ansible当中去修改某个文件的单行进行替换的时候需要使用lineinfile模块
  • regexp参数 :使用正则表达式匹配对应的行,当替换文本时,如果有多行文本都能被匹配,则只有最 后面被匹配到的那行文本才会被替换,当删除文本时,如果有多行文本都能被匹配,这么这些行都会被 删除。
  • 如果想进行多行匹配进行替换需要使用replace模块
  • 功能:相当于sed,可以修改文件内容

范例:

ansible websrvs -m lineinfile -a "path=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
regexp='^Listen' line='Listen 80'"
ansible all -m   lineinfile -a "path=/etc/selinux/config regexp='^SELINUX='
line='SELINUX=disabled'"
ansible all -m lineinfile  -a 'dest=/etc/fstab state=absent regexp="^#"'

Replace 模块

  • 该模块有点类似于sed命令,主要也是基于正则进行匹配和替换,建议使用

范例:

ansible all -m replace -a "path=/etc/fstab regexp='^(UUID.*)' replace='#\1'"  
ansible all -m replace -a "path=/etc/fstab regexp='^#(UUID.*)' replace='\1'"

SELinux 模块

  • 该模块管理 SELInux 策略

范例:

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 10.0.0.8 -m selinux -a 'state=disabled'
[WARNING]: SELinux state temporarily changed from 'enforcing' to 'permissive'.
State change will take effect next reboot.
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
   },
    "changed": true,
    "configfile": "/etc/selinux/config",
    "msg": "Config SELinux state changed from 'enforcing' to 'disabled'",
    "policy": "targeted",
    "reboot_required": true,
    "state": "disabled"
}
[root@centos8 ~]#grep -v '#' /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
[root@centos8 ~]#getenforce
Permissive

reboot 模块

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m reboot

mount 挂载和卸载

  • 功能: 挂载和卸载文件系统

范例:

#临时挂载
mount websrvs -m mount -a 'src="UUID=b3e48f45-f933-4c8e-a700-22a159ec9077"
path=/home fstype=xfs opts=noatime state=present'
#临时取消挂载
mount websrvs -m mount -a 'path=/home fstype=xfs opts=noatime state=unmounted'
#永久挂载
ansible websrvs -m mount -a 'src=10.0.0.8:/data/wordpress path=/var/www/html/wpcontent/uploads opts="_netdev" state=mounted'
#永久卸载
ansible websrvs -m mount -a 'src=10.0.0.8:/data/wordpress path=/var/www/html/wpcontent/uploads state=absent'

Setup 模块

  • 功能: setup 模块来收集主机的系统信息,这些 facts 信息可以直接以变量的形式使用,但是如果主机 较多,会影响执行速度
  • 可以使用 gather_facts: no 来禁止 Ansible 收集 facts 信息

范例:

ansible all -m setup
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_nodename"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_hostname"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_domain"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memtotal_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memory_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memfree_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_os_family"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_major_version"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_version"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_processor_vcpus"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_all_ipv4_addresses"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_architecture"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_uptime_seconds"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_processor*"
ansible all -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_env'
[root@ansible ~]#ansible all -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_python_version'
10.0.0.7 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
                "ansible_python_version": "2.7.5",
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
   },
    "changed": false
}
10.0.0.6 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_python_version": "2.6.6",
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
   },
    "changed": false
}
10.0.0.8 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_python_version": "3.6.8",
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
   },
    "changed": false
}
[root@ansible ~]#
    
范例

 

debug 模块

  • 此模块可以用于输出信息,并且通过 msg 定制输出的信息内容
  • 注意: msg后面的变量有时需要加 " " 引起来

范例: debug 模块默认输出Hello world

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 10.0.0.18 -m debug
10.0.0.18 | SUCCESS => {
    "msg": "Hello world!"
}
[root@ansible ansible]#cat debug.yml
---
- hosts: websrvs
  
 tasks:
    - name: output Hello world
     debug:
      
#默认没有指定msg,默认输出"Hello world!"    
[root@ansible ansible]#ansible-playbook debug.yml
PLAY [websrvs]
********************************************************************************
***************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts]
********************************************************************************
*******************************
ok: [10.0.0.7]
ok: [10.0.0.8]
TASK [output variables]
********************************************************************************
******************************
ok: [10.0.0.7] => {
    "msg": "Hello world!"
}
ok: [10.0.0.8] => {
    "msg": "Hello world!"
}
PLAY RECAP
********************************************************************************
*******************************************
10.0.0.7                   : ok=2    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0  
skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0  
10.0.0.8                   : ok=2    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0  
skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
holleword

 

posted @ 2022-05-16 19:40  goodbay说拜拜  阅读(79)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报