Linux-私有CA实现证书申请颁发

证书申请及签署步骤：

生成证书申请请求

1. RA核验
2. CA签署
3. 获取证书

openssl的配置文件：

/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

三种策略：match匹配、optional可选、supplied提供

match：要求申请填写的信息跟CA设置信息必须一致
optional：可有可无，跟CA设置信息可不一致
supplied：必须填写这项申请信息

配置文件内容

[root@centos8-liyj ~]#cat /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
#
# OpenSSL example configuration file.
# This is mostly being used for generation of certificate requests.
#

# Note that you can include other files from the main configuration
# file using the .include directive.
#.include filename

# This definition stops the following lines choking if HOME isn't
# defined.
HOME            = .

# Extra OBJECT IDENTIFIER info:
#oid_file        = $ENV::HOME/.oid
oid_section        = new_oids

# To use this configuration file with the "-extfile" option of the
# "openssl x509" utility, name here the section containing the
# X.509v3 extensions to use:
# extensions        =
# (Alternatively, use a configuration file that has only
# X.509v3 extensions in its main [= default] section.)

# Load default TLS policy configuration

openssl_conf = default_modules

[ default_modules ]

ssl_conf = ssl_module

[ ssl_module ]

system_default = crypto_policy

[ crypto_policy ]

.include /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/opensslcnf.config

[ new_oids ]

# We can add new OIDs in here for use by 'ca', 'req' and 'ts'.
# Add a simple OID like this:
# testoid1=1.2.3.4
# Or use config file substitution like this:
# testoid2=${testoid1}.5.6

# Policies used by the TSA examples.
tsa_policy1 = 1.2.3.4.1
tsa_policy2 = 1.2.3.4.5.6
tsa_policy3 = 1.2.3.4.5.7

####################################################################
[ ca ]
default_ca    = CA_default        # The default ca section

####################################################################
[ CA_default ]

dir        = /etc/pki/CA        # Where everything is kept
certs        = $dir/certs        # Where the issued certs are kept
crl_dir        = $dir/crl        # Where the issued crl are kept
database    = $dir/index.txt    # database index file.
#unique_subject    = no            # Set to 'no' to allow creation of
                    # several certs with same subject.
new_certs_dir    = $dir/newcerts        # default place for new certs.

certificate    = $dir/cacert.pem     # The CA certificate
serial        = $dir/serial         # The current serial number
crlnumber    = $dir/crlnumber    # the current crl number
                    # must be commented out to leave a V1 CRL
crl        = $dir/crl.pem         # The current CRL
private_key    = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key

x509_extensions    = usr_cert        # The extensions to add to the cert

# Comment out the following two lines for the "traditional"
# (and highly broken) format.
name_opt     = ca_default        # Subject Name options
cert_opt     = ca_default        # Certificate field options

# Extension copying option: use with caution.
# copy_extensions = copy

# Extensions to add to a CRL. Note: Netscape communicator chokes on V2 CRLs
# so this is commented out by default to leave a V1 CRL.
# crlnumber must also be commented out to leave a V1 CRL.
# crl_extensions    = crl_ext

default_days    = 365            # how long to certify for
default_crl_days= 30            # how long before next CRL
default_md    = sha256        # use SHA-256 by default
preserve    = no            # keep passed DN ordering

# A few difference way of specifying how similar the request should look
# For type CA, the listed attributes must be the same, and the optional
# and supplied fields are just that :-)
policy        = policy_match

# For the CA policy
[ policy_match ]
countryName        = match
stateOrProvinceName    = match
organizationName    = match
organizationalUnitName    = optional
commonName        = supplied
emailAddress        = optional

# For the 'anything' policy
# At this point in time, you must list all acceptable 'object'
# types.
[ policy_anything ]
countryName        = optional
stateOrProvinceName    = optional
localityName        = optional
organizationName    = optional
organizationalUnitName    = optional
commonName        = supplied
emailAddress        = optional

####################################################################
[ req ]
default_bits        = 2048
default_md        = sha256
default_keyfile     = privkey.pem
distinguished_name    = req_distinguished_name
attributes        = req_attributes
x509_extensions    = v3_ca    # The extensions to add to the self signed cert

# Passwords for private keys if not present they will be prompted for
# input_password = secret
# output_password = secret

# This sets a mask for permitted string types. There are several options.
# default: PrintableString, T61String, BMPString.
# pkix     : PrintableString, BMPString (PKIX recommendation before 2004)
# utf8only: only UTF8Strings (PKIX recommendation after 2004).
# nombstr : PrintableString, T61String (no BMPStrings or UTF8Strings).
# MASK:XXXX a literal mask value.
# WARNING: ancient versions of Netscape crash on BMPStrings or UTF8Strings.
string_mask = utf8only

# req_extensions = v3_req # The extensions to add to a certificate request

[ req_distinguished_name ]
countryName            = Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_default        = XX
countryName_min            = 2
countryName_max            = 2

stateOrProvinceName        = State or Province Name (full name)
#stateOrProvinceName_default    = Default Province

localityName            = Locality Name (eg, city)
localityName_default        = Default City

0.organizationName        = Organization Name (eg, company)
0.organizationName_default    = Default Company Ltd

# we can do this but it is not needed normally :-)
#1.organizationName        = Second Organization Name (eg, company)
#1.organizationName_default    = World Wide Web Pty Ltd

organizationalUnitName        = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section)
#organizationalUnitName_default    =

commonName            = Common Name (eg, your name or your server\'s hostname)
commonName_max            = 64

emailAddress            = Email Address
emailAddress_max        = 64

# SET-ex3            = SET extension number 3

[ req_attributes ]
challengePassword        = A challenge password
challengePassword_min        = 4
challengePassword_max        = 20

unstructuredName        = An optional company name

[ usr_cert ]

# These extensions are added when 'ca' signs a request.

# This goes against PKIX guidelines but some CAs do it and some software
# requires this to avoid interpreting an end user certificate as a CA.

basicConstraints=CA:FALSE

# Here are some examples of the usage of nsCertType. If it is omitted
# the certificate can be used for anything *except* object signing.

# This is OK for an SSL server.
# nsCertType            = server

# For an object signing certificate this would be used.
# nsCertType = objsign

# For normal client use this is typical
# nsCertType = client, email

# and for everything including object signing:
# nsCertType = client, email, objsign

# This is typical in keyUsage for a client certificate.
# keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment

# This will be displayed in Netscape's comment listbox.
nsComment            = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate"

# PKIX recommendations harmless if included in all certificates.
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer

# This stuff is for subjectAltName and issuerAltname.
# Import the email address.
# subjectAltName=email:copy
# An alternative to produce certificates that aren't
# deprecated according to PKIX.
# subjectAltName=email:move

# Copy subject details
# issuerAltName=issuer:copy

#nsCaRevocationUrl        = http://www.domain.dom/ca-crl.pem
#nsBaseUrl
#nsRevocationUrl
#nsRenewalUrl
#nsCaPolicyUrl
#nsSslServerName

# This is required for TSA certificates.
# extendedKeyUsage = critical,timeStamping

[ v3_req ]

# Extensions to add to a certificate request

basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment

[ v3_ca ]


# Extensions for a typical CA


# PKIX recommendation.

subjectKeyIdentifier=hash

authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer

basicConstraints = critical,CA:true

# Key usage: this is typical for a CA certificate. However since it will
# prevent it being used as an test self-signed certificate it is best
# left out by default.
# keyUsage = cRLSign, keyCertSign

# Some might want this also
# nsCertType = sslCA, emailCA

# Include email address in subject alt name: another PKIX recommendation
# subjectAltName=email:copy
# Copy issuer details
# issuerAltName=issuer:copy

# DER hex encoding of an extension: beware experts only!
# obj=DER:02:03
# Where 'obj' is a standard or added object
# You can even override a supported extension:
# basicConstraints= critical, DER:30:03:01:01:FF

[ crl_ext ]

# CRL extensions.
# Only issuerAltName and authorityKeyIdentifier make any sense in a CRL.

# issuerAltName=issuer:copy
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always

[ proxy_cert_ext ]
# These extensions should be added when creating a proxy certificate

# This goes against PKIX guidelines but some CAs do it and some software
# requires this to avoid interpreting an end user certificate as a CA.

basicConstraints=CA:FALSE

# Here are some examples of the usage of nsCertType. If it is omitted
# the certificate can be used for anything *except* object signing.

# This is OK for an SSL server.
# nsCertType            = server

# For an object signing certificate this would be used.
# nsCertType = objsign

# For normal client use this is typical
# nsCertType = client, email

# and for everything including object signing:
# nsCertType = client, email, objsign

# This is typical in keyUsage for a client certificate.
# keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment

# This will be displayed in Netscape's comment listbox.
nsComment            = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate"

# PKIX recommendations harmless if included in all certificates.
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer

# This stuff is for subjectAltName and issuerAltname.
# Import the email address.
# subjectAltName=email:copy
# An alternative to produce certificates that aren't
# deprecated according to PKIX.
# subjectAltName=email:move

# Copy subject details
# issuerAltName=issuer:copy

#nsCaRevocationUrl        = http://www.domain.dom/ca-crl.pem
#nsBaseUrl
#nsRevocationUrl
#nsRenewalUrl
#nsCaPolicyUrl
#nsSslServerName

# This really needs to be in place for it to be a proxy certificate.
proxyCertInfo=critical,language:id-ppl-anyLanguage,pathlen:3,policy:foo

####################################################################
[ tsa ]

default_tsa = tsa_config1    # the default TSA section

[ tsa_config1 ]

# These are used by the TSA reply generation only.
dir        = /etc/pki/CA        # TSA root directory
serial        = $dir/tsaserial    # The current serial number (mandatory)
crypto_device    = builtin        # OpenSSL engine to use for signing
signer_cert    = $dir/tsacert.pem     # The TSA signing certificate
                    # (optional)
certs        = $dir/cacert.pem    # Certificate chain to include in reply
                    # (optional)
signer_key    = $dir/private/tsakey.pem # The TSA private key (optional)
signer_digest  = sha256            # Signing digest to use. (Optional)
default_policy    = tsa_policy1        # Policy if request did not specify it
                    # (optional)
other_policies    = tsa_policy2, tsa_policy3    # acceptable policies (optional)
digests     = sha1, sha256, sha384, sha512  # Acceptable message digests (mandatory)
accuracy    = secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100    # (optional)
clock_precision_digits  = 0    # number of digits after dot. (optional)
ordering        = yes    # Is ordering defined for timestamps?
                # (optional, default: no)
tsa_name        = yes    # Must the TSA name be included in the reply?
                # (optional, default: no)
ess_cert_id_chain    = no    # Must the ESS cert id chain be included?
                # (optional, default: no)
ess_cert_id_alg        = sha256    # algorithm to compute certificate
                # identifier (optional, default: sha1)

创建私有CA

1、创建CA所需要的文件

#生成证书索引数据库文件
touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txt

#指定第一个颁发证书的序列号
echo 01 > /etc/pki/CA/serial 

2、 生成CA私钥

cd /etc/pki/CA/
(umask 066; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)

3、生成CA自签名证书

openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 3650 -out    
/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem

选项说明：

-new：生成新证书签署请求
-x509：专用于CA生成自签证书
-key：生成请求时用到的私钥文件
-days n：证书的有效期限
-out /PATH/TO/SOMECERTFILE: 证书的保存路径

申请证书并颁发证书

1、为需要使用证书的主机生成生成私钥

(umask 066; openssl genrsa -out   /data/test.key 2048)

2、为需要使用证书的主机生成证书申请文件

openssl req -new -key /data/test.key -out /data/test.csr

3、在CA签署证书并将证书颁发给请求者

openssl ca -in /data/test.csr  -out   /etc/pki/CA/certs/test.crt -days 100

注意：默认要求 国家，省，公司名称三项必须和CA一致

4、查看证书中的信息：

openssl x509 -in /PATH/FROM/CERT_FILE -noout   -text|issuer|subject|serial|dates
#查看指定编号的证书状态
openssl ca -status SERIAL

吊销证书

在客户端获取要吊销的证书的serial

openssl x509 -in /PATH/FROM/CERT_FILE   -noout   -serial  -subject

在CA上，根据客户提交的serial与subject信息，对比检验是否与index.txt文件中的信息一致，吊销证 书：

openssl ca -revoke /etc/pki/CA/newcerts/SERIAL.pem

指定第一个吊销证书的编号,注意：第一次更新证书吊销列表前，才需要执行

echo 01 > /etc/pki/CA/crlnumber

更新证书吊销列表

openssl ca -gencrl -out /etc/pki/CA/crl.pem

查看crl文件：

openssl crl -in /etc/pki/CA/crl.pem -noout -text