服务管理之openssh
1. 使用 SSH 访问远程命令行
1.1 OpenSSH 简介
OpenSSH这一术语指系统中使用的Secure Shell软件的软件实施。用于在远程系统上安全运行shell。如果您在可提供ssh服务的远程Linux系统中拥有用户帐户，则ssh是通常用来远程登录到该系统的命令。ssh命令也可用于在远程系统中运行命令。
常见的远程登录工具有：
- telnet
- ssh
- dropbear
telnet //远程登录协议，23/TCP
认证明文
数据传输明文
ssh //Secure SHell，应用层协议，22/TCP
通信过程及认证过程是加密的，主机认证
用户认证过程加密
数据传输过程加密
dropbear //嵌入式系统专用的SSH服务器端和客户端工具
1.2 SSH 版本
v1：基于CRC-32做MAC，无法防范中间人（man-in-middle）攻击
v2：双方主机协议选择安全的MAC方式。基于DH算法做密钥交换，基于RSA或DSA算法实现身份认证
1.3 SSH 认证方式
openssh有两种认证方式，分别是：
- 基于口令认证
- 基于密钥认证
1.4 openSSH 的工作模式
openSSH是基于C/S架构工作的。
服务器端 //sshd，配置文件在/etc/ssh/sshd_config
客户端 //ssh，配置文件在/etc/ssh/ssh_config
ssh-keygen //密钥生成器
ssh-copy-id //将公钥传输至远程服务器
scp //跨主机安全复制工具
1.4 Secure Shell 示例
//以当前用户身份创建远程交互式shell，然后在结束时使用exit命令返回到之前的shell
[root@ly ~]# ssh 192.168.153.145
root@192.168.153.145's password: Last failed login: Mon Apr 1 23:17:34 CST 2019 from 192.168.153.142 on ssh:notty
There was 1 failed login attempt since the last successful login.
Last login: Mon Apr 1 23:09:43 2019
[root@localhost ~]# exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.153.145 closed.
//以其他用户身份（remoteuser）在选定主机（remotehost）上连接到远程`shell`
[root@ly ~]# ssh tom@192.168.153.145
tom@192.168.153.145's password:
[tom@localhost ~]$ exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.153.145 closed.
//以远程用户身份（remoteuser）在远程主机（remotehost）上通过将输出返回到本地显示器的方式来执行单一命令
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:ff:64:ce brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.153.145/24 brd 192.168.153.255 scope global dynamic ens32
valid_lft 1800sec preferred_lft 1800sec
inet6 fe80::92b8:d8c2:14ff:509c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@ly ~]# ssh tom@192.168.153.145 '/usr/s'
sbin/ share/ src/
[root@ly ~]# ssh tom@192.168.153.145 '/usr/sbin/ip a'
tom@192.168.153.145's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
tom@192.168.153.145's password:
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:ff:64:ce brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.153.145/24 brd 192.168.153.255 scope global dynamic ens32
valid_lft 1652sec preferred_lft 1652sec
inet6 fe80::92b8:d8c2:14ff:509c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@ly ~]#
//w命令可以显示当前登录到计算机的用户列表。这对于显示哪些用户使用ssh从哪些远程位置进行了登录以及执行了何种操作等内容特别有用
[root@localhost ~]# w
23:47:41 up 38 min, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root tty1 23:09 34:29 0.11s 0.11s -bash
root pts/0 192.168.153.1 23:21 5.00s 0.05s 0.02s w
[root@ly ~]# ssh root@192.168.153.145 'w'
root@192.168.153.145's password:
23:49:32 up 40 min, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root tty1 23:09 36:20 0.11s 0.11s -bash
root pts/0 192.168.153.1 23:21 1:56 0.03s 0.03s -bash
[root@ly ~]#
1.5 SSH 主机密钥
ssh通过公钥加密的方式保持通信安全。当某一ssh客户端连接到ssh服务器时，在该客户端登录之前，服务器会向其发送公钥副本。这可用于为通信渠道设置安全加密，并可验证客户端的服务器。
当用户第一次使用ssh连接到特定服务器时，ssh命令可在用户的/.ssh/known_hosts文件中存储该服务器的公钥。在此之后每当用户进行连接时，客户端都会通过对比/.ssh/known_hosts文件中的服务器条目和服务器发送的公钥，确保从服务器获得相同的公钥。如果公钥不匹配，客户端会假定网络通信已遭劫持或服务器已被入侵，并且中断连接。
这意味着，如果服务器的公钥发生更改（由于硬盘出现故障导致公钥丢失，或者出于某些正当理由替换公钥），用户则需要更新其~/.ssh/known_hosts文件并删除旧的条目才能够进行登录。
//主机ID存储在本地客户端系统上的 ~/.ssh/known_hosts 中
[root@ly ~]# cat ~/.ssh/known_hosts
192.168.153.145 ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBHdnNXV5GmvuomYxwqC9x1bosLhzdi+7CaTMYcTkwTBiEY4t7N+XABjwTqY1behVVD6Ri9fvQhPb71/lcFP9hrA=
//主机密钥存储在SSH服务器上的 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key* 中
[root@ly ~]# ls /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*key*
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
2. 配置基于 SSH密钥的身份验证
用户可通过使用公钥身份验证进行ssh登录身份验证。ssh允许用户使用私钥-公钥方案进行身份验证。这意味着将生成私钥和公钥这两个密钥。私钥文件用作身份验证凭据，像密码一样，必须妥善保管。公钥复制到用户希望登录的系统，用于验证私钥。公钥并不需要保密。拥有公钥的ssh服务器可以发布仅持有您私钥的系统才可解答的问题。因此，可以根据所持有的密钥进行验证。如此一来，就不必在每次访问系统时键入密码，但安全性仍能得到保证。
使用ssh-keygen命令生成密钥。将会生成私钥/.ssh/id_rsa和公钥/.ssh/id_rsa.pub。
[root@ly ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:cSzypOHlbkFOc5A0jY8vOl0Qdj7K6ACmRRyxEs5cHt8 root@ly
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|..o= .++ |
|+.=.o . =+o |
|.=.. .oEO*+ |
| .+ . %o*+ |
| + . ooS+ . |
|. . ..+.o |
| o ooo |
| +.. |
| . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@ly ~]# cd .ssh/
[root@ly .ssh]# ls
id_rsa id_rsa.pub known_hosts
[root@ly .ssh]# cat id_rsa
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
密钥
[root@ly .ssh]# cat id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDus9gGkZhGi5p63me8FNdf8Bey0wFeI4O3hHVDDkLtYFUoi2K4ASZWT+m322d7PRUqEQlNv5+03Muex9JEhAz0uORxIljAJdclUxDipdu1YEtkrR4IRS45dYeui/1oDnotNlHdrxol0zUplC3cTr4EMTyUcn33r+DEBHnWH2cqE4Ob1KHR+dyeub4BZSIrSPKNfpJuhzYJq42tfPdalBpez+1cbSV6EUvCdjxFGJfhWwYahNNUxlOcad7u7i2EjfdTxCmtXLmPQJp0HHj5cglXLNENzFx0lFMA70cslIvjwfukh6Tiyh9xjfXUJHUnpj8O18KhAO/EaEXaaOySPUXR root@ly
注意：
生成密钥时，系统将提供指定密码的选项，在访问私钥时必须提供该密码。如果私钥被偷，除颁发者之外的其他任何人很难使用该私钥，因为已使用密码对其进行保护。这样，在攻击者破解并使用私钥前，会有足够的时间生成新的密钥对并删除所有涉及旧密钥的内容。
生成ssh密钥后，密钥将默认存储在家目录下的.ssh/目录中。私钥和公钥的权限就分别为600和644。.ssh目录权限必须是700。
drwx------. 2 root root 57 4月 1 17:00 .ssh
[root@ly .ssh]# ll
总用量 12
-rw-------. 1 root root 1679 4月 1 17:00 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 389 4月 1 17:00 id_rsa.pub
在可以使用基于密钥的身份验证前，需要将公钥复制到目标系统上。可以使用ssh-copy-id完成这一操作
[root@ly ~]# ssh-copy-id remoteuser@remotehost
通过ssh-copy-id将密钥复制到另一系统时，它默认复制~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub文件
//SSH密钥演示//使用 ssh-keygen 创建公钥-私钥对
[root@ly ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:cSzypOHlbkFOc5A0jY8vOl0Qdj7K6ACmRRyxEs5cHt8 root@ly
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|..o= .++ |
|+.=.o . =+o |
|.=.. .oEO*+ |
| .+ . %o*+ |
| + . ooS+ . |
|. . ..+.o |
| o ooo |
| +.. |
| . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
//使用 ssh-copy-id 将公钥复制到远程系统上的正确位置
[root@ly ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.153.145
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.153.145's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.153.145'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
//使用 ssh 命令无命令登录远程主机
[root@ly ~]# ssh root@192.168.153.145
Last login: Mon Apr 1 23:21:44 2019 from 192.168.153.1
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:ff:64:ce brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.153.145/24 brd 192.168.153.255 scope global dynamic ens32
valid_lft 1236sec preferred_lft 1236sec
inet6 fe80::92b8:d8c2:14ff:509c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
//使用 scp 命令传送文件到远程主机
[root@localhost ~]# scp aa.sh root@192.168.153.142:/tmp
The authenticity of host '192.168.153.142 (192.168.153.142)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:NoDuGXDlaqriTX1RFynwCDbRXu2QrfUpNwZyglaGUdI.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:10:35:ff:d9:f7:cd:8a:0a:8d:63:72:11:29:28:d3:fa.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.153.142' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.153.142's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.153.142's password:
aa.sh: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# scp aa root@192.168.153.142:/tmp
root@192.168.153.142's password:
//使用 scp 命令从远程主机上下载文件到本地
//scp命令常用选项
-r //递归复制
-p //保持权限
-P //端口
-q //静默模式
-a //全部复制
3. 自定义 SSH 服务配置
虽然OpenSSH服务器通常无需修改，但会提供其他安全措施，可以在配置文件/etc/ssh/sshd_config中修改OpenSSH服务器的各个方面。
PermitRootLogin {yes|no} //是否允许root用户远程登录系统
PermitRootLogin without-password //仅允许root用户基于密钥方式远程登录
PasswordAuthentication {yes|no} //是否启用密码身份验证，默认开启
4. SSH 安全注意事项
- 密码应该经常换且足够复杂
[root@ly ~]# tr -dc A-Za-z0-9_ < /dev/urandom | head -c 30 |xargs
nM_gdmnwR_B0YEbEGE7d5fn6NOS9nc
//生成30位的密码
[root@ly ~]# openssl rand 20 -base64
7jvUdkf+r/gZTCUCY0jLkoNnAUM= //生成20位随机密码
- 使用非默认端口
- 限制登录客户端地址
- 仅监听特定的IP地址
- 禁止管理员直接登录
- 仅允许有限制用户登录
- AllowUsers
- AllowGroups
- 使用基于密钥的认证
- 禁止使用空密码
- 禁止使用SSHv1版本
- 设定空闲会话超时时长
- 利用防火墙设置ssh访问策略
- 限制ssh的访问频度和并发在线数
- 做好日志的备份，经常分析（集中于某台服务器）
示例
说明密钥认证的过程
1.使用ssh-keygen -t rsa生成一对密钥
2.使用ssh-copy-id -i
3.验证
手动配置密钥认证登录
[root@ly ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:cSzypOHlbkFOc5A0jY8vOl0Qdj7K6ACmRRyxEs5cHt8 root@ly
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|..o= .++ |
|+.=.o . =+o |
|.=.. .oEO*+ |
| .+ . %o*+ |
| + . ooS+ . |
|. . ..+.o |
| o ooo |
| +.. |
| . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
//使用 ssh-copy-id 将公钥复制到远程系统上的正确位置
[root@ly ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.153.145
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.153.145's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.153.145'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@ly ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.153.145
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.153.145's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.153.145'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@ly ~]# ssh root@192.168.153.145
Last login: Mon Apr 1 23:21:44 2019 from 192.168.153.1
