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ASP.NET Core中如何针对一个使用HttpClient对象的类编写单元测试

原文地址: How to unit test a class that consumes an HttpClient with IHttpClientFactory in ASP.NET Core?
作者: Anthony Giretti
译者: Lamond Lu

介绍

几年前,微软引入了HttpClient类来替代HttpWebRequest来发送Web请求。这个新的类更易于使用,更加简洁,更具有异步性,且易于扩展。

HttpClient类有一个可以接受HttpMessageHandler类对象的构造函数。HttpMessageHandler类对象可以接受一个请求(HttpRequestMessage), 并返回响应(HttpResponseMessage)。它的功能完全取决于它的实现。默认情况下HttpClient使用的是HttpClientHandlerHttpClientHandler是一个处理程序,它向网络服务器发送请求并从服务器返回响应。在本篇博文中,我们将通过继承DelegatingHandler来创建自己的HttpMessageHandler

为了实现以上功能,HttpClient对象不可以直接使用,而是需要与允许使用IHttpClientFactory接口进行模拟的依赖注入一起使用。

让我们来伪造一个HttpMessageHandler

下面的例子中,我们只讨论HttpResponseMessage, 不会处理HttpRequestMessage

以下是我伪造的一个HttpMessageHandler对象。

public class FakeHttpMessageHandler : DelegatingHandler
{
   private HttpResponseMessage _fakeResponse;

   public FakeHttpMessageHandler(HttpResponseMessage responseMessage)
   {
      _fakeResponse = responseMessage;
   }

   protected override async Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
   {
      return await Task.FromResult(_fakeResponse);
   }
}

这里我添加了一个需要HttpResponseMessage构造函数,然后复写了SendAsync方法, 在该方法中直接返回了构造函数中传入的HttpResponseMessage对象。

编写一个使用IHttpClientFactory接口的服务

下面我们需要编写一个UserService类,这个类提供了一个GetUsers方法,来从远程服务器端获取用户列表。

public class UserService
{
   private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpFactory;

   public UserService(IHttpClientFactory httpFactory)
   {
      _httpFactory = httpFactory;
   }

   public async Task<List<User>> GetUsers(string url)
   {
       using (HttpClient httpclient = _httpFactory.CreateClient())
       {
           using (HttpResponseMessage response = await httpclient.GetAsync(url))
           {
              if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK)
              {
                 List<User> users = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<List<User>>();
                 return users;
              }
              return null; 
           }
       }
    }
}

以下是Api请求返回的用户类

public class User
{
   public string FirstName { get; set; }
   public string LastName { get; set; }
}

如你所见,使用HttpClientFactory允许我们模拟HttpClient实例化

测试服务

在下面的单元测试中,我们会使用XUnitFluentAssertionNSubstitute

测试场景1: 模拟一个请求,返回2个用户

public class UserServiceTests
{
   [Fact]
    public async Task WhenACorrectUrlIsProvided_ServiceShouldReturnAlistOfUsers()
    {
       // Arrange
       var users = new List<User>
       {
          new User
          {
             FirstName = "John",
             LastName = "Doe"
          },
          new User
          {
             FirstName = "John",
             LastName = "Deere"
          }
       };

       var httpClientFactoryMock = Substitute.For<IHttpClientFactory>();
       var url = "http://good.uri";
       var fakeHttpMessageHandler = new FakeHttpMessageHandler(new HttpResponseMessage() {
          StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.OK,
          Content = new StringContent(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(users), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json") 
       });
       var fakeHttpClient = new HttpClient(fakeHttpMessageHandler);

       httpClientFactoryMock.CreateClient().Returns(fakeHttpClient);

       // Act
       var service = new UserService(httpClientFactoryMock);
       var result = await service.GetUsers(url);

      // Assert
      result
      .Should()
      .BeOfType<List<User>>()
      .And
      .HaveCount(2)
      .And
      .Contain(x => x.FirstName == "John")
      .And
      .Contain(x => x.LastName == "Deere")
      .And
      .Contain(x => x.LastName == "Doe");
    }
}
  • 在以上测试中,我们期望获取一个成功的响应,并得到2个用户的信息。
  • 我们期望从Service中得到的数据是JSON格式的。
  • 我们使用一个伪造的处理程序初始化了一个HttpClient对象,然后定义了我们期望的得到的伪造对象httpClientFactoryMock.CreateClient().Returns(fakeHttpClient);

测试场景2: 模拟一个404错误,返回空数据

public class UserServiceTests
{
   [Fact]
    public async Task WhenABadUrlIsProvided_ServiceShouldReturnNull()
    {
       // Arrange
       var httpClientFactoryMock = Substitute.For<IHttpClientFactory>();
       var url = "http://bad.uri";
       var fakeHttpMessageHandler = new FakeHttpMessageHandler(new HttpResponseMessage() {
          StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.NotFound
       });
       var fakeHttpClient = new HttpClient(fakeHttpMessageHandler);

       httpClientFactoryMock.CreateClient().Returns(fakeHttpClient);

       // Act
       var service = new UserService(httpClientFactoryMock);
       var result = await service.GetUsers(url);

      // Assert
      result
      .Should()
      .BeNullOrEmpty();
    }
}
  • 和测试场景1类似,当一个Http请求返回Not Found, 它的结果集是Null

总结

本篇作者讲解了在ASP.NET Core中如何伪造HttpClient来测试持有HttpClient对象的类。这里主要是通过伪造的DelegatingHandler对象来创建一个HttpClient对象,并使用IHttpClientFactory来获取伪造的HttpClient来达到目的。

本篇源代码:https://github.com/lamondlu/Sample_TestHttpClient

posted @ 2019-01-03 17:50  LamondLu  阅读(939)  评论(2编辑  收藏  举报