MySQL 数据库SQL语句——高阶版本2

MySQL 数据库SQL语句——高阶版本2

 

实验准备 数据库表配置:

mysql -uroot -p
show databases;

create database train_ticket;
use train_ticket;
create table REGION(region varchar(10),site varchar(20));
create table FARE(site varchar(20),money int(10),date varchar(15));

desc REGION;
desc FARE;

insert into REGION values ('south','changsha');
insert into REGION values ('south','nanchang');
insert into REGION values ('north','beijing');
insert into REGION values ('north','tianjin');

insert into FARE values ('changsha',1000,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('nanchang',700,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('beijing',1500,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('tianjin',1200,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('beijing',2200,'2021-02-05');

select * from REGION;
select * from FARE;

  

 

MySQL高级SQL语句:

1、EXISTS:

用来测试内查询有没有产生任何结果,类似布尔值是否为真
如果有的话,系统就会执行外查询中的SQL语句,若是没有,那整个SQL语句就不会产生任何结果。

语法:SELECT 字段1 FROM 表1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM 表2 WHERE 条件);

例如:

select region from REGION where exists (select * from FARE where money = '700');

 

 

2、inner join、left join、right join :

inner join(等值相连) :
只返回两个表中联接字段相等的行 

 语法:SELECT 字段 FROM 表1 INNER JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;  

 

left join(左联接)
返回包括左表中所有记录和右表中联接字段相等的记录 

语法:SELECT 字段 FROM 表1 LEFT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段; 

  

right join(右联接)
返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中联接字段相等的记录 

 语法:SELECT 字段 FROM 表1 RIGHT JOIN 表2 ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

  

例如:

update FARE set site='xingjiang' where money='2200';

select * from REGION AS A inner join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site;
select * from REGION AS A left join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site;
select * from REGION AS A right join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site;

 

 

3、CREATE VIEW 视图 :  

  视图:可被当作虚拟表或存储查询。 视图跟表格不同的是,表格中有实际存储资料,

而视图是建立在表格之上的一个架构,它本身并不实际存储资料。
 
  临时表在用户退出或者同数据库的连接断开后就自动消失了,而视图不会。
 
     视图不含有数据,只存储它的定义,它的用途一般可以简化复杂的查询。比如你要对几个表格进行连接查询,

而且还要进行统计排序等操作,写SQL语句会很麻烦,用视图将几个表格连接起来,然后对这个视图进行查询操作,

就和对一个表查询一样,很方便。
 

语法:CREATE VIEW 视图表名 AS SELECT语句;

例如:

select A.region,SUM(B.money) from REGION AS A inner join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site GROUP BY region;
create view C AS select A.region,SUM(B.money) from REGION AS A inner join FARE AS B on A.site = B.site GROUP BY region;
show tables;
select * from C;

  

 

 

4、UNION 联集 :
 
 将两个SQL语句的结果合并起来,两个SQL语句产生的字段需要是同样的资料种类 UNION:生成结果的资料值将没有重复,且按照字段的顺序进行排序。 

语法:SELECT语句1 UNION SELECT语句2; 

UNION ALL:将生成结果的资料值都列出来,无论有无重复

语法:SELECT语句1 UNION ALL SELECT语句2;

例如:

select region from REGION union select money from FARE;
select site from REGION union select site from FARE;
select site from REGION union all select site from FARE;

  

 

6、交集值:

取2个sql语句结果的交集

例如:

select * from FARE;
insert into FARE values ('xingjiang',2200,'2021-02-05');
select * from FARE;

select A.site from FARE AS A inner join REGION AS B on A.site = B.site;
select A.site from FARE AS A inner join REGION AS B  using(site);

select site from (select site from FARE union all select site from REGION) A group by A.site HAVING count(*) > 1;

select site from (select A.site from FARE A inner join REGION B on A.site = B.site) C group by C.site;

select site from FARE where site in (select site from REGION);

  

 

7、无交集值:

显示第一个SQL语句的结果,且与第二个SQL语句没有交集的结果,还不能重复

select distinct site from FARE where (site) not in (select site from REGION);

 

例如:

select A.*,B.* from FARE A left join REGION B using(site);
select site from FARE A left join REGION B using(site) where B.site is null;
select distinct site from FARE A left join REGION B using(site) where B.site is null;

  

 

8、case:

是SQL用来作为IF-THEN-ELSE之类逻辑的关键字

语法:
SELECT CASE (字段名)
	WHEN 条件1 THEN  结果1
	WHEN 条件2 THEN 结果2
	……
	ELSE 结果N
	END
FROM 表名

#条件可以是一个数值或是公式。ELSE子句不是必须的。

 

例如:

select * from FARE;

select case site
   when 'changsha' then money + 500
   when 'tianjin' then money - 500
   else money * 2
   end
   A,site
from FARE;

  

 

算排名 :

表格自我连接(self join),然后将结果依序列出,算出每一行之前(包括那一行本身)有多少行数
例如:
create table SCORE (name char(10),score int(4));

insert into SCORE values('zhangsan',95);
insert into SCORE values('lisi',96);
insert into SCORE values('wangwu',75);
insert into SCORE values('zhaoliu',80);
insert into SCORE values('qianqi',90);
select * from SCORE;
select A1.name,A1.score,count(A2.score) rank from 	SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score OR (A1.score=A2.score and A1.name=A2.name) group by A1.name order by A1.score desc;

  

#######当A1的score字段值小于A2的score字段值、或者两表score字段值相等并且name字段值相等时,
从A1和A2表中 查询A1的name字段值、A1的score字段值、和A2的score字段的非空值 rank是别名 ,
并为A1的name字段分组,A1的score字段降
A1.score为75时,A2.score可为75、80、90、95、96 则 count(A2.score)为5 
A1.score为80时,A2.score可为80、90、95、96 则 count(A2.score)为4
A1.score为90时,A2.score可为90、95、96 则 count(A2.score)为3
A1.score为95时,A2.score可为95、96 则 count(A2.score)为2
A1.score为96时,A2.score可为96 则 count(A2.score)为1
这样再显示A1的name字段分组,A1的score字段降序排序 ,rank字段
则为下表所示

 

 

算中位数:

select * from (select A1.name,A1.score,count(A2.score) rank from SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score OR (A1.score=A2.score and A1.name=A2.name) group by A1.name order by A1.score desc) A3 where A3.rank = (select (count(*)+1) DIV 2 from SCORE);

select score mid from (select A1.name,A1.score,count(A2.score) rank from SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score OR (A1.score=A2.score and A1.name=A2.name) group by A1.name order by A1.score desc) A3 where A3.rank = (select (count(*)+1) DIV 2 from SCORE);

  

 

算累积总计:

select A1.*,sum(A2.score) sum_socore from SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score or(A1.score=A2.score and A1.name=A2.name) group by A1.name order by A1.score desc;

  

 

算总合百分百:

select A1.*,A1.score/(select sum(score) from SCORE) z_sum from SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score or (A1.score=A2.score and A1.name=A2.name) group by A1.name;

select sum(socre) from SCORE 是为了算出字段值总合,然后每一行一一除以总合,算出每行的总合百分比。  

 

 

算累计总合百分百:

select A1.name,A1.score,sum(A2.score),sum(A2.score)/(select sum(score) from SCORE) Z from SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score or (A1.score=A2.score and A1.name=A2.name) group by A1.name order by A1.score desc;

select A1.name,A1.score,sum(A2.score),TRUNCATE(sum(A2.score)/(select sum(score) from SCORE),2) ||'%' Z from SCORE A1,SCORE A2 where A1.score < A2.score or (A1.score=A2.score and A11.name=A2.name) group by A1.name order by A1.score desc;

  

 

空值(null)和无值(’’)的区别

  1. 无值的长度为0,不占用空间;而空值null 的长度是null,是占用空间的
  2. IS NULL或者IS NOT NULL,是用来判断字段是不是NULL或者不是NULL,是不能查出是不是无值的
  3. 无值的判断使用=’‘或者<>’'来处理。<>代表不等于
  4. 在通过count()指定字段统计又多少行数时,如果遇到NULL值会自动忽略掉,遇到空值会自动加入记录中进行计算
create table SITE(site varchar(20));
insert into SITE values('nanjing');
insert into SITE values('beijing');
insert into SITE values('');
insert into SITE values('taijin');
insert into SITE values();
insert into SITE values('');
select * from SITE;	

  

select length(site) from SITE;
select * from SITE where site is NULL;
select * from SITE where site is not NULL;
select * from SITE where site ='';
select * from SITE where site <> '';

  

 

 

正则表达式:(shell一样)

匹配模式			描述						实例
^ 			匹配文本的开始字符 				‘^bd’ 匹配以 bd 开头的字符串
$ 			匹配文本的结束字符 				‘qn$’ 匹配以 qn 结尾的字符串
. 			匹配任何单个字符					‘s.t’ 匹配任何 s 和 t 之间有一个字符的字符串
* 			匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符 			‘fo*t’ 匹配 t 前面有任意个 o
+ 			匹配前面的字符 1 次或多次				‘hom+’ 匹配以 ho 开头,后面至少一个m 的字符串
字符串 			匹配包含指定的字符串 				‘clo’ 匹配含有 clo 的字符串
p1|p2 			匹配 p1 或 p2 					‘bg|fg’ 匹配 bg 或者 fg
[...] 			匹配字符集合中的任意一个字符 			‘[abc]’ 匹配 a 或者 b 或者 c
[^...] 			匹配不在括号中的任何字符 				‘[^ab]’ 匹配不包含 a 或者 b 的字符串
{n} 			匹配前面的字符串 n 次 				‘g{2}’ 匹配含有 2 个 g 的字符串
{n,m}			匹配前面的字符串至少 n 次,至多m 次		        ‘f{1,3}’ 匹配 f 最少 1 次,最多 3 次
语法:SELECT 字段 FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 REGEXP 匹配模式 

例如:

select * from FARE where site regexp '^[n]';
select * from FARE where site regexp '[n]';
select * from FARE where site regexp 'jin|jing';

  

 

 

存储过程(与Shell函数差不多,代码的复用) :

存储过程是一组为了完成特定功能的SQL语句集合
 
   存储过程在使用过程中是将常用或者复杂的工作预先使用SQL语句写好并用一个指定的名称来进行储存,这个过程经编译和优化后存储在数据库服务器中,当需要使用该存储过程时,只需要调用它即可,存储过程在执行上比传统SQL速度更快,执行效率更高。
 
 
 存储过程的优点 :

  1. 执行一次后,会将生成的二进制代码驻留缓冲区,提高执行效率
  2. SQL语句加上控制语句的集合,灵活性高
  3. 在服务器端存储,客户端调用时,降低网络负载
  4. 可多次重复被调用,可随时修改,不影响客户端调用
  5. 可完成所有的数据库操作,也可控制数据库的信息访问权限
语法:
DELIMITER !!    		#将语句的结束符号从分号;临时修改,以防出问题,可以自定义
CREATE PROCEDURE XXX()  	#创建存储过程,过程名自定义,()可带参数
 	BEGIN   		#过程体以关键字BEGIN开始
 	select * from xxx;  	#过程体语句
 	END!!    		#过程体以关键字END结尾
DELIMITER ; 			#将语句的结束符号恢复为分号

call XXX;	  		#调用存储过程

-----查看存储过程-----
show create procedure [数据库.]储存过程名; 	  #查看某个储存过程的具体信息
show create procedure XXX;
show procedure status [like '%XXX%'] \G

  

例如:

DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND1()
BEGIN
	select * from FARE;
END!!

DELIMITER ;
CALL KIND1;
show create procedure train_ticket.KIND1\G
show procedure status like '%KIND1%'\G

  

 

存储过程的条件语句:

DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND3(IN num int(10))
BEGIN
declare var int;
set var=num*2;
if var>=10 then
	update FARE set money=money+1;
else 
	update FARE set money=money-1;
end if;
END!!
DELIMITER ; 
CALL KIND3(5);
CALL KIND3(4);

  

 

 

循环语句while:

create table akg(id int);

DELIMITER !!
CREATE PROCEDURE KIND4()
BEGIN
declare var int;
set var=0;
while var<5 do
	insert into akg values(var);
	set var=var+1;
end while;
END!!

DELIMITER ;
CALL KIND4;
select * from akg;

  

 

 

posted @ 2021-09-02 09:16  隐姓埋名4869  阅读(47)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报