[期刊论文写作] 系列(1) 题目与摘要的写作章法

关键词:论文写作 论文修改 检查单 章法 作者:ludwig1860 日期:Dec 17-18, 2022

不得不说,帮学术论文写作新手修改论文是一件绝大多数情况下比较痛苦和生气的事情,不仅仅是论文内容的逻辑架构(章节间、段落间、段落内)总令人不知所以,还有语句写作时的各种不恰当与错误(中式英语、语法错误、口语表达),能把脾气很好的老师都折磨的够呛。

  • 经常情况下,老师修改了,学生并不注意看,直接接受修改,导致相同的错误下次依然犯;
  • 学生A改好了,学生B的还有相同的问题,还需要重新修改一遍,极为浪费老师的时间;

这驱使着我不得不制作一个论文写作与修改时的注意事项检查清单,该清单将不定时持续更新。

克里斯蒂娜的世界
克里斯蒂娜的世界

1. 题目的四要素

学术论文的题目与散文或者新闻题目是很不一样的,后者以吸引眼球为要,而前者以精简概括论文核心为重。基于我看过的地理科学与植物科学方面的有限的论文,我总结了四个要素

  • 核心目标
  • 关键方法
  • 所用数据
  • 特色之处

例如:Extracting leaf area index using viewing geometry effects—A new perspective on high-resolution unmanned aerial system photography (Roth et al., 2017) 核心目标是Extracting leaf area index,关键方法是using viewing geometry effects, 所用数据为high-resolution unmanned aerial system photography,特色之处为A new perspective。

当然说,这四个要素并非全部占据,可能是其中某2个或者某3个的结合,需要看论文最想表达的东西。

还有些论文题目,并非采用这种要素的方式,而是采用比较吸引人眼球的方式:

  • 提问式:例如Validation practices for satellite soil moisture retrievals: What are (the) errors? (Gruber et al., 2020)
  • 回答式:例如Canopy structure explains the relationship between photosynthesis and sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in crops (Dechant et al., 2020)

这类题目比较适合发现了重要事实或者规律,适合大佬们使用,或者某些学科使用。我一般不太建议轻易尝试。

Ecarnot et al., (2015) 总结了一个成功的题目所包含的主要元素,由于他们所在的学科为医学,所以他们的总结是侧重于医学方面的。此外,我自认为他没有我总结的好,嘿嘿。

Ecarnot等人总结的“好的题目所包含的要素”
Ecarnot等人总结的“好的题目所包含的要素”

2. 摘要的逻辑结构

摘要的重要性自然无需多言,摘要的写作最能体现把握论文核心的能力。写作时一般遵循五个强调

  • 将论文宏观研究背景强调出来

相当于扣一个“帽子”,描述本研究是在一个什么样的大背景下开展的。例如:The accuracy of mapping forest extent from satellite imagery largely depends on both semantic definition and estimation quality of tree cover at the pixel level. (Tang et al., 2019)

  • 将本研究所针对的research gap强调出来

也就是把前人研究的不足(本研究所解决的前人的不足)凝练出来。例如: However methodological gaps exist for adapting this technology to heterogeneous natural vegetation and for transferring it among vegetation species or plan functional types. (Zarco-Tejada et al., 2019)

  • 将本研所采用的核心方法或创新性方法强调出来

对于核心方法的描述可以简略(适合核心思路与创新点)也可以步骤化(适合于专门提出的一种技术方法),灵活使用。例如:

    • Leaf Area Index (LAI) retrieval performances from gap fraction measurements are investigated over vertically trained vineyards. A 3D vineyard model was constructed to analyze the influence of canopy architecture characteristics and light direction on LAI estimation. (López-Lozano et al., 2009)
    • A detailed dynamic 3D architecture model coupled with a soil water balance model is used to explore the pertinence of 2D approximations of the row structure and describe the light regime and canopy photosynthesis in vineyard. The fraction of intercepted light (fIPAR), the fraction of illuminated leaf area (fILA) and the distribution of light intensity on illuminated leaves (LIDIL) were calculated using Z-buffer and ray tracing techniques under both direct (black-sky) and diffuse (white-sky) conditions. The 2D approximations of the row were based on parallelepiped infinitely extended bounding boxes whose height and width was either defined by the outer envelope of the leaves (2Dmax) or effective dimensions (2Deff) adjusted to simulate the same instantaneous fIPAR diurnal time course as that of the reference 3D model (3D). (López-Lozano et al., 2011)
  • 将本研究的关键结果与发现定量化地强调出来

关键结果尽量定量化地描述,除非是发现一个现象或者广泛的规律。摘要中的结果属于关键结果,不一定与Results章节中的结果条目一一对应,要筛选出有特色的的、甚至吸人眼球、或者略有震撼力的结果,同时尽量描述一下现有结果反映或意味着什么。例如:

    • This hybrid approach of combining tie-point features and area- based cost aggregation methods for the parametric coregistration of hyperspectral intensity values to their corresponding lidar intensities results in a root-mean-square error of 1/3 pixel. (Brell et al., 2016)
    • Both LED-NDVI and LED-LAI identified new needle expansion in the overstory canopy and understory canopy development. MODIS NDVI agreed well with LED-NDVI data (R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.04) at the deciduous forest site, and we discovered that understory canopy development determined the onset of greenness based on MODIS NDVI data. LED-LAI data agreed well with independent estimates from the other instruments, indicating that LED-sensors could be used to monitor multi-layer canopy LAI. (Ryu et al., 2014)
  • 将本研究的可能的应用价值或前景或不足强调出来

向读者描述本研究的实际意义或者下一步改进的方向。例如:

    • The possibility of collecting precise hyperspectral reflectance-factor data from UAS under varying cloud cover makes it more operational for environmental monitoring or precision agriculture applications, being an important step in advancing hyperspectral imaging from UAS. (Koppl et al., 2021)
    • Overall, our findings imply that lidar offers a superior tool for mapping LAI at local to regional scales as compared to optical remote sensing, accuracies of lidar-estimate LAI are affected not only by the choice of models but also by the absolute accuracy of in-situ reference LAI used for model calibration, and lidar-derived LAI maps can serve as reliable references for validating moderate-resolution satellite LAI products over large areas. (Zhao et al., 2009)

当然,有些论文并非严格遵循这五个要素,可能会简化为两个要素(方法与结果),这种论开篇非常直接,适合本领域小同行阅读,在目前不好找审稿人的背景下,我并不建议这么做,除非是领域内大佬。

Ecarnot et al., (2015) 也总结了摘要所包含的关键点,分别对应了引言、方法、结果与结论中的内容。其总结方式和我总结的有相似之处,不过我依然觉得我总结的要好一些,其实我是自我总结之后,才发现的这篇论文,所以思路没有被带走。

Ecarnot等人总结的“摘要的关键要素”
Ecarnot等人总结的“摘要的关键要素”

3. 关键词

我不知道关键词在送审系统中扮演什么角色,是否被用于寻找审稿人。但是关键词在论文收录系统(例如Web of Science)中发挥比较大的作用,所以关键词的选择还是要尽量契合自己论文,同时要适当的拓宽。我总结了一个小技巧:

  • 在题目和摘要中寻找关键词,包含描述研究目标、核心方法、所用数据、尺度、特色等等。 例如:

Amazon basin, Canopy chemistry, Carnegie Airborne Observatory, Chemometrics, Data fusion, Hyperspectral, LiDAR, Tropical forest (Asner et al., 2015)

大多数期刊对于关键词的数量也有要求,所以酌情选择最合适的吧。

4. Highlights

有的期刊要求提供Highlights,而且对条数与每条的字符数都要严格的要求,这对我们总结概括能力提出了很大的考验。好的Highlights一定会让读者快速了解本文做了什么、发现了什么、揭示了什么。例如:

(Schneider et al., 2014)

  • 3D forest reconstruction based on full-waveform ALS and in situ data;
  • Development and comparison of a voxel grid and individual tree approach;
  • Simulation of at-sensor radiance compared with APEX imaging spectrometer data;
  • Model suitable to describe medium to large-scale features of 3D radiative regime;
  • Results highlight current challenges in RT modeling of forests;

其实,说的再多,讲的再详细,也不如自己多摸索尝试,与老师来回修改几次。我想本系列博客的价值,其实在于,让论文写作新手们有章可循,在写作时做到“战略上藐视,战术上重视”。

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