Linux基础命令(四)
作业一：
1) 开启Linux系统前添加一块大小为15G的SCSI硬盘
[root@bogon ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0002d1bd Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 41943039 19921920 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/cl-root: 18.2 GB, 18249416704 bytes, 35643392 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/cl-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
2) 开启系统，右击桌面，打开终端
没图形。
3) 为新加的硬盘分区，一个主分区大小为5G，剩余空间给扩展分区，在扩展分区上划分1个逻辑分区，大小为5G
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0cddc761 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 10487808 31457279 10484736 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 10489856 20975615 5242880 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
4) 格式化主分区为ext3系统
[root@bogon ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
5) 将逻辑分区设置为交换分区
[root@bogon ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb5 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 5242876 KiB no label, UUID=3d0072cf-8902-44c3-b13b-6c4373a130a5
6) 启用上一步的交换分区
[root@bogon ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdb5
7) 查看交换分区的状态
[root@bogon ~]# swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1 /dev/sdb5 partition 5242876 0 -2
作业二：free命令查看内存
[root@bogon ~]# free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 999936 147480 675052 7064 177404 680612
Swap: 7340024 0 7340024
整理buffer与cache的作用
Cache：缓存区，是高速缓存，是位于CPU和主内存之间的容量较小但速度很快的存储器，因为CPU的速度远远高于主内存的速度，CPU从内存中读取数据需等待很长的时间，而 Cache保存着CPU刚用过的数据或循环使用的部分数据，这时从Cache中读取数据会更快，减少了CPU等待的时间，提高了系统的性能。 Cache并不是缓存文件的，而是缓存块的(块是I/O读写最小的单元)；Cache一般会用在I/O请求上，如果多个进程要访问某个文件，可以把此文件读入Cache中，这样下一个进程获取CPU控制权并访问此文件直接从Cache读取，提高系统性能。 Buffer：缓冲区，用于存储速度不同步的设备或优先级不同的设备之间传输数据；通过buffer可以减少进程间通信需要等待的时间，当存储速度快的设备与存储速度慢的设备进行通信时，存储慢的数据先把数据存放到buffer，达到一定程度存储快的设备再读取buffer的数据，在此期间存储快的设备CPU可以干其他的事情。 Buffer：一般是用在写入磁盘的，例如：某个进程要求多个字段被读入，当所有要求的字段被读入之前已经读入的字段会先放到buffer中。
计算真实的内存使用率
used/total=内存使用率
147480/9999936=0.1474894393241167
作业三：dd命令测试硬盘速度
[root@bogon ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/luchuangao.txt bs=2M count=2 2+0 records in 2+0 records out 4194304 bytes (4.2 MB) copied, 0.015345 s, 273 MB/s
作业四：查找一个名为firewall的进程，并且将其强制杀死
[root@bogon ~]# ps aux | grep firewall
root 626 0.0 2.6 327200 26332 ? Ssl 15:27 0:01 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
root 2376 0.0 0.0 112648 960 pts/0 R+ 16:01 0:00 grep --color=auto firewall
[root@bogon ~]# pkill -9 firewall
作业五：rpm命令
1) 挂载光盘文件到/media目录
[root@bogon ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
2) 进去/media目录下的Packages目录
[root@bogon ~]# cd /media/Packages/
3) 查看系统已安装的所有rpm包
[root@bogon Packages]# rpm -qa
4) 查看系统是否安装dhcp软件包
[root@bogon ~]# rpm -qa | grep dhcp
dhcp-libs-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64
dhcp-common-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64
5) 安装dhcp软件包
[root@bogon ~]# yum install dhcp -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.yun-idc.com
* epel: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=======================================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
dhcp x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos base 511 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 511 k
Installed size: 1.4 M
Downloading packages:
dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm | 511 kB 00:00:04
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos
Complete!
6) 查看dhcp软件包的信息
[root@bogon ~]# rpm -qi dhcp
Name : dhcp
Epoch : 12
Version : 4.2.5
Release : 47.el7.centos
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Fri 17 Mar 2017 03:58:04 PM CST
Group : System Environment/Daemons
Size : 1452668
License : ISC
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 21 Nov 2016 01:32:14 AM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.src.rpm
Build Date : Tue 15 Nov 2016 01:54:04 AM CST
Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://isc.org/products/DHCP/
Summary : Dynamic host configuration protocol software
Description :
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol which allows
individual devices on an IP network to get their own network
configuration information (IP address, subnetmask, broadcast address,
etc.) from a DHCP server. The overall purpose of DHCP is to make it
easier to administer a large network.
To use DHCP on your network, install a DHCP service (or relay agent),
and on clients run a DHCP client daemon. The dhcp package provides
the ISC DHCP service and relay agent.
7) 查看dhcp软件包中所包含的所有文件
[root@bogon ~]# rpm -ql dhcp
/etc/NetworkManager
/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d
/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/12-dhcpd
/etc/dhcp
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf
/etc/openldap/schema/dhcp.schema
/etc/sysconfig/dhcpd
/usr/bin/omshell
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd6.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcrelay.service
/usr/sbin/dhcpd
/usr/sbin/dhcrelay
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd6.conf.example
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap/README.ldap
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap/dhcp.schema
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/ldap/dhcpd-conf-to-ldap
/usr/share/man/man1/omshell.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/dhcpd.conf.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/dhcpd.leases.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/dhcpd.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/dhcrelay.8.gz
/usr/share/systemtap/tapset/dhcpd.stp
/var/lib/dhcpd
/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases
/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd6.leases
8) 查看/bin/ls文件是由哪个软件包产生
[root@bogon ~]# rpm -qf /bin/ls
coreutils-8.22-18.el7.x86_64
9) 卸载dhcp软件包
[root@bogon ~]# yum erase dhcp -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=======================================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================================================================================
Removing:
dhcp x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos @base 1.4 M
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package
Installed size: 1.4 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Erasing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-47.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Removed:
dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-47.el7.centos
Complete!
作业六：yum命令
1） 自定义yum仓库：createrepo
[root@bogon ~]# yum install createrepo -y [root@bogon ~]# mkdir /luchuangao [root@bogon ~]# cp /rpm_bak/base/packages/httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm /luchuangao/ [root@bogon ~]# createrepo /luchuangao/ Spawning worker 0 with 1 pkgs Workers Finished Saving Primary metadata Saving file lists metadata Saving other metadata Generating sqlite DBs Sqlite DBs complete
2） 自定义repo文件
[root@bogon yum.repos.d]# cat httpd.repo [local] name=local repo baseurl=file:///luchuangao enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 [root@bogon yum.repos.d]#
3） 使用yum命令安装httpd软件包
[root@bogon ~]# yum install httpd -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.6-45.el7.centos local 2.7 M
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 2.7 M
Installed size: 9.4 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos
Complete!
[root@bogon ~]#
4） 卸载httpd软件包：yum –y remove 软件名
[root@bogon ~]# yum remove httpd -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================================
Removing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.6-45.el7.centos @local 9.4 M
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package
Installed size: 9.4 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Erasing : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-45.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Removed:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-45.el7.centos
Complete!
[root@bogon ~]#
5） 使用yum安装组件'KDE 桌面'：yum –y groupinstall 组件名
[root@bogon ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Compute Node
Infrastructure Server
File and Print Server
Basic Web Server
Virtualization Host
Server with GUI
GNOME Desktop
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Development and Creative Workstation
Installed Groups:
Development Tools
Available Groups:
Compatibility Libraries
Console Internet Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Administration Tools
System Management
Done
[root@bogon ~]#
[root@bogon ~]# yum groupinstall "KDE Plasma Workspaces" -y
6) 掌握使用yum删除组件‘KDE 桌面’:yum –y groupremove 组件名
[root@bogon ~]# yum groupremove "KDE Plasma Workspaces" -y
7） 掌握清除yum缓存：yum clean all
[root@bogon ~]# yum clean all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Cleaning repos: httpd local Cleaning up everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@bogon ~]#
8） 使用yum查找软件包：yum search 软件包名
[root@bogon ~]# yum search vsftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks httpd | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 local | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 (1/3): httpd/primary_db | 3.3 kB 00:00:00 (2/3): local/group_gz | 155 kB 00:00:00 (3/3): local/primary_db | 3.0 MB 00:00:00 Determining fastest mirrors ===================================== N/S matched: vsftpd ====================================== vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
作业六：源码安装python
[root@bogon ~]# yum install zlib-devel -y [root@bogon ~]# tar -xf Python-3.6.0 [root@bogon ~]# cd Python-3.6.0 [root@bogon Python-3.6.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3.6 [root@bogon Python-3.6.0]# make && make install [root@bogon ~]# echo 'PATH=/usr/local/python3.6/bin:$PATH' >>/etc/profile [root@bogon ~]# tail -1 /etc/profile PATH=/usr/local/python3.6/bin:$PATH [root@bogon ~]# source /etc/profile
[root@bogon ~]# python3.6 Python 3.6.0 (default, Mar 17 2017, 16:47:55) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11)] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> [root@bogon ~]#
参考链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/6045600.html#_label16
补充：
ls命令执行过程
ls--------->shell---------->PATH---------->/usr/bin/ls--------->alias
杀死后台进程
[root@bogon shell]# jobs [1]+ Running ./test.sh & [root@bogon shell]# kill -9 %1 [root@bogon shell]# [1]+ Killed ./test.sh
