SSH安全加固
SSH安全加固
配置文件: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# This file is automatically generated at startup KexAlgorithms curve25519-sha256@libssh.org,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 Port 22 Protocol 2 HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key Compression delayed ClientAliveInterval 30 PermitRootLogin yes # Login via Key or Password ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes PasswordAuthentication yes PubkeyAuthentication yes UseDNS no LoginGraceTime 30s VersionAddendum none AllowAgentForwarding no X11Forwarding no Ciphers chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes128-ctr MACs hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-ripemd160,umac-128@openssh.com # override default of no subsystems Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/sftp-server
下面提到的参数，需要对应修改的文件是/etc/ssh/sshd_config
1. 禁用RootLogin
将参数做以下更改：PermitRootLogin no
2. 在自己电脑生成私钥，添加公钥到服务器
这一步已经做过了。这样就可以不使用密码登陆。具体参考如何设置ssh密钥
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-ssh-keys--2
About SSH Keys
Secure Shell (better known as SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol which allows users to securely perform a number of network services over an unsecured network. SSH keys provide a more secure way of logging into a server with SSH than using a password alone. While a password can eventually be cracked with a brute force attack, SSH keys are nearly impossible to decipher by brute force alone.
Generating a key pair provides you with two long string of characters: a public and a private key. You can place the public key on any server, and then unlock it by connecting to it with a client that already has the private key. When the two match up, the system unlocks without the need for a password. You can increase security even more by protecting the private key with a passphrase.
Within some of the commands found in this tutorial, you will notice some highlighted values. These are variables, and you should substitute them with your own values.
Step One—Create the RSA Key Pair
The first step is to create the key pair on the client machine (there is a good chance that this will just be your computer):
- ssh-keygen -t rsa
Step Two—Store the Keys and Passphrase
Once you have entered the Gen Key command, you will get a few more questions:
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/demo/.ssh/id_rsa):
You can press enter here, saving the file to the user home (in this case, my example user is called demo).
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
It’s up to you whether you want to use a passphrase. Entering a passphrase does have its benefits: the security of a key, no matter how encrypted, still depends on the fact that it is not visible to anyone else. Should a passphrase-protected private key fall into an unauthorized users possession, they will be unable to log in to its associated accounts until they figure out the passphrase, buying the hacked user some extra time. The only downside, of course, to having a passphrase, is then having to type it in each time you use the key pair.
The entire key generation process looks like this:
- ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/demo/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/demo/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/demo/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
4a:dd:0a:c6:35:4e:3f:ed:27:38:8c:74:44:4d:93:67 demo@a
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| .oo. |
| . o.E |
| + . o |
| . = = . |
| = S = . |
| o + = + |
| . o + o . |
| . o |
| |
+-----------------+
The public key is now located in /home/demo/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The private key (identification) is now located in /home/demo/.ssh/id_rsa.
Step Three—Copy the Public Key
Once the key pair is generated, it’s time to place the public key on the server that we want to use.
You can copy the public key into the new machine’s authorized_keys file with the ssh-copy-id command. Make sure to replace the example username and IP address below.
- ssh-copy-id demo@198.51.100.0
Note: If you are a Mac user, ssh-copy-id will not be installed on your machine. You can, however, install it using Homebrew:
- brew install ssh-copy-id
Alternatively, you can paste in the keys using SSH:
- cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh demo@198.51.100.0 "mkdir -p ~/.ssh && chmod 700 ~/.ssh && cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
No matter which command you chose, you may see something like:
The authenticity of host '198.51.100.0 (198.51.100.0)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is b1:2d:33:67:ce:35:4d:5f:f3:a8:cd:c0:c4:48:86:12.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '198.51.100.0' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
user@198.51.100.0's password:
This message helps us to make sure that we haven’t added extra keys that you weren’t expecting.
Now you can go ahead and log into your user profile and you will not be prompted for a password. However, if you set a passphrase when creating your SSH key, you will be asked to enter the passphrase at that time (and whenever else you log in in the future).
Optional Step Four—Disable the Password for Root Login
Once you have copied your SSH keys onto your server and ensured that you can log in with the SSH keys alone, you can go ahead and restrict the root login to only be permitted via SSH keys.
In order to do this, open up the SSH config file:
- sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Within that file, find the line that includes PermitRootLogin and modify it to ensure that users can only connect with their SSH key:
PermitRootLogin without-password
Save and close the file when you are finished.
To put these changes into effect:
- sudo systemctl reload sshd.service
DigitalOcean Addendum
The DigitalOcean control panel allows you to add public keys to your new Droplets when they’re created. You can generate the SSH Key in a convenient location, such as the computer, and then upload the public key to the SSH key section.
Then, when you create a new Droplet, you can choose to include that public key on the server. No root password will be emailed to you and you can log in to your new server from your chosen client. If you created a passphrase, you will be prompted to enter that upon login.
3. 禁止密码登陆
参考链接，需要进行以下配置：
http://www.unixlore.net/articles/five-minutes-to-more-secure-ssh.html
A.这一句是禁止使用密码登陆，只能够使用第2步配置的key登陆。
PasswordAuthentication no
B.Challenge Password
在配合PAM的时候，Challenge Password会绕过PasswordAuthentication的配置。所以Challenge Password也需要配置为no。ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
Challenge-response mechanism即问(密码)-答(密码)的机制，如果开着的话，攻击者会通过此机制输入text密码。
注意如果B和C都是yes，那么A里面的配置是没有用的。所以B和C中只要一个设置为NO就可以，我们在这里把B设为No。
C.UsePAM:PAM是Unix的登陆机制，平时最好开着
UsePAM yes
4. 重启ssh,使配置生效
service ssh restart
====================== End
