列表与递归
头部和尾部
[head | tail ] = [1] #head 1 tail [] [head | tail ] = [1, 2, 3] #head 1 tail [2, 3] [head | tail ] = [] #报错
创建映射函数
我们可以使用一个函数来处理列表中的各个元素,如此可以接受更加复杂的处理,也可以根据传入函数的功能做不同的处理。
def map([], _func), do: [] def map([ head | tail ], func), do: [func.(head) | map(tail, func)] Example.map [1,2,3,4], fn n -> n * n end #[1, 4, 9, 16]
在递归过程中跟踪值
我们的目标是使用不可变状态,所以不能再一个全局变量或者模块级变量例存储值。所以,我们以函数参数传入
def sum([], total), do: total def sum([head | tail], total), do sum(tail, total + head) Example.sum([1,2,3,4], 0) #10 #我们总要传入一个初始值,可以如下改进 def sum(list), do: sum(list, 0) defp _sum([], total), do: total defp _sum([head | tail], total), do: sum(tail, total + head)
使用函数解决问题
def reduce([], value, _), do: value def reduce([head | tail], value, func), do: reduce(tail, func.(head, value), func) #使用匿名函数时在参数列表前加一个点(.)
Example.reduce
更复杂的列表
#交换相近的两个数据,若是单数个数据就报错 def swap([]), do: [] def swap([a, b | tail]), do: [b, a | swap(tail)] def swap([_]), do: raise "Can`t swap a list with an odd number of elements"
可以使用[a, ..., x | tail]匹配一组数据
# [ timestamp, location_id, temperature, rainfall ] 这组数据表示天气 # 版本一 def for_location_27([]), do: [] def for_location_27([ [ time, 27, temp, rain ] | tail ]) do
[ [ time, 27, temp, rain ] | for_location_27(tail) ] #筛选出location_id为27的一组数据
end def for_location_27([ _ | tail ]), do: for_location_27(tail) #跳过格式不匹配的一组数据中的一个
#版本二
#更具传入数据进行筛选
def for_location([], _target_loc), do: []
def for_location([ [ time, target_loc, temp, rain ] | tail ], target_loc) do
[ [ time, target_loc, temp, rain ] | for_location(tail, target_loc) ]
end
def for_location([ _ | tail ], target_loc), do: for_location(tail, target_loc)
#版本三
#将匹配函数简化为:
def for_location( head = [ _, target_loc, _, _ ] | tail ], target_loc ), do: [ head | for_location(tail, target_loc) ]
List模块提供的函数
连接。[1, 2, 3] ++ [4, 5, 6]
一维化。List.flatten([[[1], 2], [[[3]]]]) => [1, 2, 3]
折叠。List.foldl([1, 2, 3], "", fn value, acc -> "#{value}(#{acc})" end ) =>3(2(1()))
List.foldr([1, 2, 3], "", fn value, acc -> "#{value}(#{acc})" end ) =>1(2(3()))
合并、拆分。l = List.zip([ [1, 2, 3], [:a, :b, :c], ["cat", "dog"] ] ) =>[ {1, :a, "cat"}, {2, :b, "dog"}]
List.unzip( l ) => [ [ 1, 2 ], [ :a, :b ], [ "cat", "dog" ]
在列表里访问元组。kw = [ {:name, "Dave"}, {:likes, "Programmin"}, {:where, "Dallas", "TX"} ]
List.keyfind(kw, :name, 0) {:name, "Dave"} 参数:列表,元组中数据值,数字在元组中的下标
List.keyfind(kw, "TX", 2) {:where, "Dallas", "TX"}
List.keyfind(kw, "TX", 1) nil
删除元组。List.keydelete(kw, "TX", 2)
替换元组。List.keyreplace(kw, :name, 0, { :first_name, "Dave" })