sql的查询语句的总结
一:基本的查询sql
1:基本常用查询
select * from student; --select select all sex from student; --all 查询所有 select distinct sex from student; --distinct 过滤重复 --count 统计 select count(*) from student; select count(sex) from student; select count(distinct sex) from student; selecttop 3 * from student; --top 取前N条记录 --aliascolumn name 列重命名 select id as 编号, name '名称', sex 性别 from student; --aliastable name 表重命名 select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s; --column 列运算 select (age + id) col from student; select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;
2:where筛选条件
1 --where 条件 2 select * from student where id = 2; 3 select * from student where id > 7; 4 select * from student where id < 3; 5 select * from student where id <> 3; 6 select * from student where id >= 3; 7 select * from student where id <= 5; 8 select * from student where id !> 3; 9 select * from student where id !< 5; 10 select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1; --and 并且 11 select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1; --or 或者 12 13 --between ... and ... 相当于并且 14 select * from student where id between 2 and 5; 15 select * from student where id notbetween 2 and 5; 16 17 --like 模糊查询 18 select * from student where name like'%a%'; 19 select * from student where name like'%[a][o]%'; 20 select * from student where name notlike'%a%'; 21 select * from student where name like'ja%'; 22 select * from student where name notlike'%[j,n]%'; 23 select * from student where name like'%[j,n,a]%'; 24 select * from student where name like'%[^ja,as,on]%'; 25 select * from student where name like'%[ja_on]%'; 26 27 28 select * from student where id in (1, 2); --in 子查询 29 select * from student where id notin (1, 2); --notin 不在其中 30 select * from student where age isnull; --isnull 是空 31 select * from student where age isnotnull; --isnotnull 不为空
3:排序
1 --orderby 排序 2 select * from student orderby name; 3 select * from student orderby name desc; 4 select * from student orderby name asc;
4:分组groupby ,分组可以和聚合函数sum,count,max,min等一起使用
1 select count(age), age from student group by age; --按照年龄进行分组统计 2 3 select count(*), sex from student group by sex; --按照性别进行分组统计
4 --按照年龄和性别组合分组统计,并排序 5 select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;
6 --按照性别分组,并且是id大于2的记录最后按照性别排序 7 select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;
8 --查询id大于2的数据,并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序 9 select count(*), (sex * id) newfrom student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id; 10 11 --groupbyall 所有分组 12 --按照年龄分组,是所有的年龄 13 select count(*), age from student group by all age;
5:having筛选
1 --having 分组过滤条件 2 --按照年龄分组,过滤年龄为空的数据,并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息 3 select count(*), age from student group by age having age isnotnull; 4 5 --按照年龄和cid组合分组,过滤条件是cid大于1的记录 6 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1; 7 8 --按照年龄分组,过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2 9 select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2; 10 11 --按照cid和性别组合分组,过滤条件是cid大于1,cid的最大值大于2 12 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;
二:嵌套子查询
子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择,而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。格式为: from (select … table)
将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询,示例如下:
1 select * from 2 (select id, name from student where sex = 1) t 3 where t.id > 2;
查询班级信息,统计班级学生人生
1 select *, (selectcount(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num from classes order by num;
1:in, not in子句查询示例
--查询班级id大于小于的这些班级的学生信息in子句查询示例 select * from student where cid in (select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4); --查询不是班的学生信息,not in 子句查询示例 select * from student where cid not in (select id from classes where name = '2班')
注意:in、not in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列,这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cid对应子句的id;
2:exists和not exists子句查询示例
1 -- 查询存在班级id为的学生信息 2 select * from student where exists (select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3); 3 4 --查询没有分配班级的学生信息 5 select * from student where not exists (select * from classes where id = student.cid);
注意:exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件,如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如:id等于student.id;
3: some、any、all子句查询示例
--查询班级的学生年龄大于班级的学生的年龄的信息 select * from student where cid = 5 and age >all ( select age from student where cid = 3 ); select * from student where cid = 5 and age >any ( select age from student where cid = 3 ); select * from student where cid = 5 and age >some ( select age from student where cid = 3 );
上面括号中的语句,就是子查询语句(内部查询)。在外面的是外部查询,其中外部查询可以包含以下语句:
1、 包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询
2、 包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句
3、 可选的where子句
4、 可选的group by子句
5、 可选的having子句
三:聚合查询
1、 distinct去掉重复数据
select distinct sex from student; select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;
2、 compute和compute by汇总查询
--对年龄大于的进行汇总 select age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age; --对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息 select id, sex, age from student where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex; --按照年龄分组汇总 select age from student where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age); --按照年龄分组,年龄汇总,id找最大值 select id, age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);
compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果,后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式,可以添加的信息如下:
a、 可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合
b、 行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等
c、 要对其执行聚合函数的列
compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。
3、 cube汇总
cube汇总和compute效果类似,但语法较简洁,而且返回的是一个结果集。
1 select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube; 2 select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;
cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总
四: 排序函数,
排序函数也叫开窗函数,在很多地方需要用到,需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如:
1、 对某张表进行排序,序号需要递增不重复的
2、 对学生的成绩进行排序,得出名次,名次可以并列,但名次的序号是连续递增的
3、 在某些排序的情况下,需要跳空序号,虽然是并列
基本语法
排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
排序子句 orderby 列名, 列名
分组子句 partition by 分组列, 分组列
1: row_number函数
根据排序子句给出递增连续序号,按照名称排序的顺序递增,如下:
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(orderby c.name) as number from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
2:rank函数函数
根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列并且跳空
--顺序递增 select id, name, rank() over(orderby cid) as rank from student; --跳过相同递增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(orderby c.name) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
3: dense_rank函数
根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列不跳空
--不跳过,直接递增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(orderby c.name) as dense from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
4: partition by分组子句
可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序,partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。
--利用partition by按照班级名称分组,学生id排序 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name orderby s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
5:ntile平均排序函数
将要排序的数据进行平分,然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(orderby c.name) as ntile from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
五: 集合运算,操作两组查询结果,进行交集、并集、减集运算
1、 union和union all进行并集运算
--union 并集、不重复 select id, name from student where name like'ja%' union select id, name from student where id = 4; --并集、重复 select * from student where name like'ja%' union all select * from student;
2、 intersect进行交集运算
--交集(相同部分) select * from student where name like'ja%' intersect select * from student;
3、 except进行减集运算
--减集(除相同部分) select * from student where name like'ja%' except select * from student where name like'jas%';
六: 公式表表达式
查询表的时候,有时候中间表需要重复使用,这些子查询被重复查询调用,不但效率低,而且可读性低,不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。
我们可以将公式表表达式(CET)视为临时结果集,在select、insert、update、delete或是create view语句的执行范围内进行定义。
1 --表达式 2 with statNum(id, num) as 3 ( 4 select cid, count(*) 5 from student 6 where id > 0 7 groupby cid 8 ) 9 select id, num from statNum orderby id; 10 11 with statNum(id, num) as 12 ( 13 select cid, count(*) 14 from student 15 where id > 0 16 groupby cid 17 ) 18 select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;
七: 连接查询
1、 简化连接查询
1 --简化联接查询 2 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;
2、 left join左连接
--左连接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
3、 right join右连接
--右连接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
4、 inner join内连接
--内连接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id; --inner可以省略 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
5、 cross join交叉连接
--交叉联接查询,结果是一个笛卡儿乘积 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c --where s.cid = c.id;
6、 自连接(同一张表进行连接查询)
1 --自连接 2 select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;
八: 函数
1、 聚合函数
max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差
1 select 2 max(age) max_age, 3 min(age) min_age, 4 count(age) count_age, 5 avg(age) avg_age, 6 sum(age) sum_age, 7 var(age) var_age as '方差' 8 from student;
2、 日期时间函数
1 select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天 2 select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年 3 select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小时 4 --返回跨两个指定日期的日期边界数和时间边界数 5 select dateDiff(day, '2011-06-20', getDate()); 6 --相差秒数 7 select dateDiff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getDate()); 8 --相差小时数 9 select dateDiff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getDate()); 10 select dateName(month, getDate());--当前月份 11 select dateName(minute, getDate());--当前分钟 12 select dateName(weekday, getDate());--当前星期 13 select datePart(month, getDate());--当前月份 14 select datePart(weekday, getDate());--当前星期 15 select datePart(second, getDate());--当前秒数 16 selectday(getDate());--返回当前日期天数 17 selectday('2011-06-30');--返回当前日期天数 18 selectmonth(getDate());--返回当前日期月份 19 selectmonth('2011-11-10'); 20 selectyear(getDate());--返回当前日期年份 21 selectyear('2010-11-10'); 22 select getDate();--当前系统日期 23 select getUTCDate();--utc日期
3、 数学函数
1 select pi();--PI函数 2 select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--随机数 3 select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精确小数位 4 --精确位数,负数表示小数点前 5 select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2); 6 select round(123.4567, 1, 2);
4、 元数据
1 select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);--返回列名 2 select col_name(object_id('student'), 2); 3 --该列数据类型长度 4 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2)); 5 --该列数据类型长度 6 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1)); 7 --返回类型名称、类型id 8 select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar'); 9 --返回列类型长度 10 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'PRECISION'); 11 --返回列所在索引位置 12 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'ColumnId'); 13
5、 字符串函数
1 select ascii('a');--字符转换ascii值 2 select ascii('A'); 3 selectchar(97);--ascii值转换字符 4 selectchar(65); 5 selectnchar(65); 6 selectnchar(45231); 7 selectnchar(32993);--unicode转换字符 8 select unicode('A'), unicode('中');--返回unicode编码值 9 select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word'); 10 select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');--匹配字符索引 11 select'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';--输出空格 12 select charIndex('o', 'hello world');--查找索引 13 select charIndex('o', 'hello world', 6);--查找索引 14 select quoteName('abc[]def'), quoteName('123]45'); 15 --精确数字 16 select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4); 17 select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6); 18 select difference('hello', 'helloWorld');--比较字符串相同 19 select difference('hello', 'world'); 20 select difference('hello', 'llo'); 21 select difference('hello', 'hel'); 22 select difference('hello', 'hello'); 23 select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'E');--替换字符串 24 select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'ABC');--指定位置替换字符串 25 select replicate('abc#', 3);--重复字符串 26 selectsubString('abc', 1, 1), subString('abc', 1, 2), subString('hello Wrold', 7, 5);--截取字符串 27 select len('abc');--返回长度 28 select reverse('sqlServer');--反转字符串 29 30 selectleft('leftString', 4);--取左边字符串 31 selectleft('leftString', 7); 32 selectright('leftString', 6);--取右边字符串 33 selectright('leftString', 3); 34 selectlower('aBc'), lower('ABC');--小写 35 selectupper('aBc'), upper('abc');--大写 36 --去掉左边空格 37 select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim(' abc'); 38 --去掉右边空格 39 select rtrim(' abc '), rtrim('# abc# '), rtrim('abc');
6、 安全函数
1 selectcurrent_user; 2 selectuser; 3 select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest'); 4 select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2); 5 selectsession_user; 6 select suser_id('sa'); 7 select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin'); 8 select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public'); 9 select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3); 10 select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03); 11 select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'), is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin'); 12 select permissions(object_id('student')); 13 selectsystem_user; 14 select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest'); 15 select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);
7、 系统函数
1 select app_name();--当前会话的应用程序名称 2 selectcast(2011 as datetime), cast('10'as money), cast('0'as varbinary);--类型转换 3 selectconvert(datetime, '2011');--类型转换 4 selectcoalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');--返回其参数中第一个非空表达式 5 select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS', 'CodePage'); 6 selectcurrent_timestamp;--当前时间戳 7 selectcurrent_user; 8 select isDate(getDate()), isDate('abc'), isNumeric(1), isNumeric('a'); 9 select dataLength('abc'); 10 select host_id(); 11 select host_name(); 12 select db_name(); 13 select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');--返回主键id的最大值 14 select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');--id的增量值 15 select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes'); 16 select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值 17 selectidentity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--将studeng表的烈属,以/1自增形式创建一个tab 18 select * from tab; 19 select @@rowcount;--影响行数 20 select @@cursor_rows;--返回连接上打开的游标的当前限定行的数目 21 select @@error;--T-SQL的错误号 22 select @@procid;
8、 配置函数
1 set datefirst 7;--设置每周的第一天,表示周日 2 select @@datefirstas'星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getDate()) AS'今天是星期'; 3 select @@dbts;--返回当前数据库唯一时间戳 4 set language'Italian'; 5 select @@langIdas'Language ID';--返回语言id 6 select @@languageas'Language Name';--返回当前语言名称 7 select @@lock_timeout;--返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置(毫秒) 8 select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数 9 select @@MAX_PRECISIONAS'Max Precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 数据类型所用的精度级别 10 select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服务器的名称 11 select @@SERVICENAME;--服务名 12 select @@SPID;--当前会话进程id 13 select @@textSize; 14 select @@version;--当前数据库版本信息
9、 系统统计函数
1 select @@CONNECTIONS;--连接数 2 select @@PACK_RECEIVED; 3 select @@CPU_BUSY; 4 select @@PACK_SENT; 5 select @@TIMETICKS; 6 select @@IDLE; 7 select @@TOTAL_ERRORS; 8 select @@IO_BUSY; 9 select @@TOTAL_READ;--读取磁盘次数 10 select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--发生的网络数据包错误数 11 select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver执行的磁盘写入次数 12 select patIndex('%soft%', 'microsoft SqlServer'); 13 select patIndex('soft%', 'software SqlServer'); 14 select patIndex('%soft', 'SqlServer microsoft'); 15 select patIndex('%so_gr%', 'Jsonisprogram');
10、 用户自定义函数
A:查看当前数据库所有函数
--查询所有已创建函数 select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');
B: 创建函数
if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') isnotnull) drop function fun_add go create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int) returns int with execute as caller as begin declare @resultint; if (@num1 isnull) set @num1 = 0; if (@num2 isnull) set @num2 = 0; set @result = @num1 + @num2; return @result; end go --调用函数 select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;
自定义函数,字符串连接
1 if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') isnotnull) 2 drop function fun_append 3 go 4 create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) 5 returns nvarchar(2048) 6 as 7 begin 8 return @args + @args2; 9 end 10 go 11 12 select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;
C: 修改函数
alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) returns nvarchar(1024) as begin declare @resultvarchar(1024); --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值 set @args = coalesce(@args, ''); set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');; set @result = @args + @args2; return @result; end go select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;
D: 返回table类型函数
--返回table对象函数 select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like'%f%'; if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord')) drop function fun_find_stuRecord go create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int) returns table as return (select * from student where id = @id); go select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);
借鉴于:http://www.cnblogs.com/hoojo/archive/2011/07/16/2108129.html