Request库使用教程
相比于urllib更加简便易用的HTTP库。
Requests
GET请求:只需要向requests.get()
方法中传入相应的url即可以实现GET请求并获得Response。POST请求使用requests.post()
方法实现代码如下:
#GET请求
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(response)
#POST请求
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.text)
requests库中提供更简便的传入参数的方法,将一个字典形式的参数传递给params参数就能直接实现在url中添加参数。POST请求的DataForm也可以直接这样设置具体代码如下:
# GET请求
import requests
data = {
'name': 'germey',
'age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)
# POST请求
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.json())
设置headers:直接将headers信息传入get()
函数相应的参数中即可,POST请求headers设置方法相同(相应代码见上一个代码块)代码如下:
import requests
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)
Response
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json解析:requests库提供了简单易用的json解析方式,如果Response返回为json格式,
.json()
方法能直接将Request保存成json格式,这与使用json.loads()
函数效果完全一样。代码如下:import requests import json response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(response.json())#使用json方法解析 print(json.loads(response.text))#使用loads方法转化为json,与上一行比较返回结果一样。 print(type(response.json()))
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获取二进制数据:想要从网页获取图片和视频等数据需要使用
.content
方法,然后将使用文件保存操作将内容保存到本地。代码如下:import requests response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")#通过传入URL下载图片 print(type(response.text), type(response.content)) print(response.text) print(response.content)#文件的二进制编码,与urllib库一样。 with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:#保存文件 f.write(response.content) f.close()
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状态码:使用
.status_code()
方法可以获得服务器返回的状态码,每一个状态码都对应一种状态,对应情况见下表:100: ('continue',), 101: ('switching_protocols',), 102: ('processing',), 103: ('checkpoint',), 122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'), 200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'), 201: ('created',), 202: ('accepted',), 203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'), 204: ('no_content',), 205: ('reset_content', 'reset'), 206: ('partial_content', 'partial'), 207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'), 208: ('already_reported',), 226: ('im_used',), # Redirection. 300: ('multiple_choices',), 301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'), 302: ('found',), 303: ('see_other', 'other'), 304: ('not_modified',), 305: ('use_proxy',), 306: ('switch_proxy',), 307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'), 308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0 # Client Error. 400: ('bad_request', 'bad'), 401: ('unauthorized',), 402: ('payment_required', 'payment'), 403: ('forbidden',), 404: ('not_found', '-o-'), 405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'), 406: ('not_acceptable',), 407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'), 408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'), 409: ('conflict',), 410: ('gone',), 411: ('length_required',), 412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'), 413: ('request_entity_too_large',), 414: ('request_uri_too_large',), 415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'), 416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'), 417: ('expectation_failed',), 418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'), 421: ('misdirected_request',), 422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'), 423: ('locked',), 424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'), 425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'), 426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'), 428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'), 429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'), 431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'), 444: ('no_response', 'none'), 449: ('retry_with', 'retry'), 450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'), 451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'), 499: ('client_closed_request',), # Server Error. 500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'), 501: ('not_implemented',), 502: ('bad_gateway',), 503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'), 504: ('gateway_timeout',), 505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'), 506: ('variant_also_negotiates',), 507: ('insufficient_storage',), 509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'), 510: ('not_extended',), 511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
可以通过这些状态码获取服务器状态:
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')#方法一:使用状态码对应的信息进行验证。
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')
#使用状态码值进行验证
#其实我不理解这两种方法的语法结构
#我看了一下官方文档,如果发送了一个错误请求(一个 4XX 客户端错误,或者 5XX 服务器错误响应),我们可以通过 Response.raise_for_status() 来抛出异常:
import requests
bad_r = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(bad_r.status_code)
bad_r.raise_for_status()
高级操作
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文件上传
import requests #用open方法打开图片,储存到file中,保存到字典files中。 files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')} #发送Request时将其传入对应的参数中 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files) print(response.text)#获取并打印结果
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cookies:requests库中提供了
.cookies
方法获取cookies,得到的cookies为json格式。import requests response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies) print(response.cookies)#可以直接导出cookie不需要先声明CookieJar类,更简单。 for key, value in response.cookies.items():#打印json格式的cookies print(key + '=' + value)
通过cookies可以实现模拟登陆, 需要注意的是,模拟对话必须在同一次调用进行 如果需要多次调用,requests中提供了Session类,实现在同一次对话中发起多次请求。
import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')#设置cookies #一次请求并获取反馈 r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) print(r.text) #多次请求 s = requests.Session() s.get(url, cookies=cookies) response = s.get(url) print(response.text)
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证书验证:在爬去HTTPS网站时,浏览器会首先检测证书是否合法,如果证书有问题会直接抛出SSLError,程序会终止。为了避免此类情况,可以选择不验证,不验证证书会发出警告,可以使用代码消除,代码如下:
import requests #消除警告操作 from requests.packages import urllib3 urllib3.disable_warnings() #verify参数设置为False,不验证 response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False) print(response.status_code)
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代理设置:将代理信息保存在字典中,并传入相应参数中即可,代码如下:
import requests #http代理 proxies = { "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/", "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743", }#如果代理有密码,可以在域名前进行设置,用冒号分割。 proxies = { 'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742', 'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742' }#如果使用SSR代理,需要提前安装'requests[socks]',如上设置即可 response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)
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超时处理:为访问指定时间, 为了捕获Timeout异常,需要找到Timeout属于哪一个类。
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout try: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5) print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout:#Timeout属于ReadTimeout异常类 print('Timeout')
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认证设置:有些网站 访问时 会就会有认证,不通过验证无法打开页面那种。在auth中传入元组类型用户名和密码即可。
import requests r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123')) print(r.status_code)
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异常处理:实例:
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException try: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5) print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print('Timeout') except ConnectionError: print('Connection error') except RequestException: print('Error')
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其他功能:
print(type(response.url), response.url) print(type(response.history), response.history) print(response.text)#与urllib库中的response.read()功能相同