MySQL_Sql_打怪升级_进阶篇_进阶7:子查询

进阶7:子查询

含义:

出现在其他语句中的select语句(或者是增删改),称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询

分类:
按结果集的行列数不同:

标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询  (结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询  (结果集一行多列或多行多列)
表子查询  (结果集一般为多行多列)

按子查询出现的位置:

select后面:
	仅仅支持标量子查询(单行)	

from后面:
	支持表子查询
	
where或having后面:★
	标量子查询(单行) √
	列子查询  (多行) √
	
	行子查询 (多列多行)
	
exists后面(相关子查询)
	表子查询

7.1 where或having后面

1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)

特点:

1、子查询放在小括号内
2、子查询一般放在条件的右侧
3、标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用 > < >= <= = <>
4、列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用 in/not in、any/some、all
	in / not in  等于列表中的任意一个值
	any/some     和子查询返回的某一个值做比较 (any可以用max |some可以用min)
	all          和子查询返回的所有值做比较
5、子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

7.1.2 标量子查询★

子查询
案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?

①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'

②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
    SELECT salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);

单行子查询
案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资

①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141

②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143

③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 143
);

分组函数
案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

子查询中的 HAVING 子句
案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT  MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50

②查询每个部门的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);

非法使用标量子查询
案例1.查询的结果集不是一行一列的情况;例如 > 单行操作符只可以搭配使用标量子查询

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  salary             
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);

#说明:
#SELECT  salary --->属于列子查询(一列多行)

案例2.返回空值的情况; 例如 department_id 根本就没有2500号ID

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  salary        
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 2500
);

7.1.2 列子查询(多行子查询)★

特点:

可以将单行的操作放到多行的子查询中使用

案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)

②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的所有

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id  IN (
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);

或者

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY (
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);

案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

或者

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

或者

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MIN( salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
特点:

查询的条件必须是单行操作符可以连接的

案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

SELECT * 
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
	FROM employees  
);

使用之前学过的也可以实现

①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees

②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees

③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees

)AND salary=(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

7.2 select后面

特点:

仅仅支持标量子查询

案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.*,(
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
 ) 个数
 FROM departments d;

案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名

SELECT (
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d
	INNER JOIN employees e
	ON d.department_id=e.department_id
	WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;

7.3 from后面

特点:

将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名

案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
SELECT * FROM job_grades;

②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT  ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

7.4 exists后面(相关子查询)

语法:

exists(完整的查询语句)

结果:
布尔值1或0

注意:exists 执行的顺序是先查外查询再查子查询

引入

SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees);

案例1:查询有员工的部门名

exists 实现查询

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);

in 多行实现查询

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
);

案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息

in实现查询

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
);

exists 实现查询

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
posted @ 2020-09-07 18:51  oldliych  阅读(177)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报