MySQL_Sql_打怪升级_进阶篇_进阶7:子查询
进阶7:子查询
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句(或者是增删改),称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询 (结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询 (结果集一行多列或多行多列)
表子查询 (结果集一般为多行多列)
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询(单行)
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:★
标量子查询(单行) √
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询 (多列多行)
exists后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
7.1 where或having后面
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
特点:
1、子查询放在小括号内
2、子查询一般放在条件的右侧
3、标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用 > < >= <= = <>
4、列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用 in/not in、any/some、all
in / not in 等于列表中的任意一个值
any/some 和子查询返回的某一个值做比较 (any可以用max |some可以用min)
all 和子查询返回的所有值做比较
5、子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
7.1.2 标量子查询★
子查询
案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
单行子查询
案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
分组函数
案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
子查询中的 HAVING 子句
案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
非法使用标量子查询
案例1.查询的结果集不是一行一列的情况;例如 > 单行操作符只可以搭配使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#说明:
#SELECT salary --->属于列子查询(一列多行)
案例2.返回空值的情况; 例如 department_id 根本就没有2500号ID
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 2500
);
7.1.2 列子查询(多行子查询)★
特点:
可以将单行的操作放到多行的子查询中使用
案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的所有
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
或者
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
或者
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
或者
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
特点:
查询的条件必须是单行操作符可以连接的
案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
使用之前学过的也可以实现
①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
7.2 select后面
特点:
仅仅支持标量子查询
案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
7.3 from后面
特点:
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
7.4 exists后面(相关子查询)
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
布尔值1或0
注意:exists 执行的顺序是先查外查询再查子查询
引入
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees);
案例1:查询有员工的部门名
exists 实现查询
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
in 多行实现查询
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);
案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
in实现查询
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
);
exists 实现查询
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);