ansible ansible-playbook简单使用
ansible ansible-playbook简单使用
Ansible Playbook简介
ansbile-playbook是一系列ansible命令的集合,利用yaml 语言编写。playbook命令根据自上而下的顺序依次执行。同时,playbook开创了很多特性,它可以允许你传输某个命令的状态到后面的指令,如你可以从一台机器的文件中抓取内容并附为变量,然后在另一台机器中使用,这使得你可以实现一些复杂的部署机制,这是ansible命令无法实现的。
playbook通过ansible-playbook命令使用,它的参数和ansible命令类似,如参数-k(–ask-pass) 和 -K (–ask-sudo) 来询问ssh密码和sudo密码,-u指定用户,这些指令也可以通过规定的单元写在playbook 。
ansible-playbook的简单使用方法: ansible-playbook example-play.yml 。
Playbook基本语法
下面是一个简单的ansible-playbook示例,可以了解其构成:
# cat user.yml
- name: create user
hosts: all
remote_user: root
gather_facts: false
vars:
user:"test"
tasks:
- name: create user
user: name="{{ user }}"
配置项说明:
- name:对该playbook实现的功能做一个概述,后面执行过程中,会打印 name变量的值
- hosts:指定对哪些被管理机进行操作;
- remote_user:指定在远程被管理机上执行操作时使用什么用户,如不指定,则使用ansible.cfg中配置的remote_user
- gather_facts:指定在执行任务之前,是否先执行setup模块获取主机相关信息,如未用到,可不指定
- vars:定义后续任务中会使用到的变量,如未用到,可不指定
- tasks:定义具体需要执行的任务name:对任务的描述,在执行过程中会打印出来。
- user:指定调用user模块;
- name:user模块里的一个参数,用于指定创建的用户名称
同样,如果想实现把这个新增的用户删除,只需将该playbook文件的最后一行替换为如下行再执行相应的playbook即可:
user: name="{{ user }}" state=absent remove=yes
playbook组成
palybook简单演示
- name: configure nginx
hosts: 192.168.132.133
tasks:
- name: install epel-release
package:
name: epel-release
state: present
- name: install nginx
package:
name: nginx
state: present
- name: create directory
file:
path: ./file
state: directory
owner: nginx
group: nginx
- name: copy file from remote serevr
fetch:
src: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
dest: file/
- name: delete file of remote server
file:
path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
state: absent
- name: create a remote server file
file:
path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
state: touch
owner: nginx
group: nginx
- name: content
copy:
content: "<h3>welcome ansible</h3>"
dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
- name: start service
systemd:
name: nginx
state: started
enabled: yes
daemon_reload: yes
[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml
PLAY [configure nginx] ************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install epel-release] *******************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install nginx] **************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create directory] ***********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [copy file from remote serevr] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [delete file of remote server] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create a remote server file] ************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [content] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [start service] **************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.132.133 : ok=9 changed=7 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
查看192.168.132.133
[root@node3 ~]# rpm -qa |grep epel-release
epel-release-7-11.noarch
[root@node3 ~]# rpm -qa |grep nginx
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-all-modules-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch
nginx-mod-mail-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-mod-stream-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-filesystem-1.16.1-1.el7.noarch
nginx-mod-http-perl-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
nginx-1.16.1-1.el7.x86_64
[root@node3 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-04-29 14:06:10 CST; 2min 25s ago
[root@node3 ~]# systemctl is-enabled nginxenabled
访问
yml规则
yml文件它的基本语法规则如下。
- 大小写敏感
- 使用缩进表示层级关系
- 缩进时不允许使用Tab键,只允许使用空格。
- 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可
# 表示注释,从这个字符一直到行尾,都会被解析器忽略。
YAML 支持的数据结构有三种。
- 对象:键值对的集合,又称为映射(mapping)/ 哈希(hashes) / 字典(dictionary)
- 数组:一组按次序排列的值,又称为序列(sequence) / 列表(list)
- 纯量(scalars):单个的、不可再分的值
ansible-playbook常用选项
ansible其他用法
打印详细信息
- -v:打印任务运行结果
- -vv:打印任务运行结果以及任务的配置信息
- -vvv:包含了远程连接的一些信息
- -vvvv:Adds extra verbosity options to the connection plug-ins,including the users being used in the managed hosts to execute scripts, and what scripts have been executed
[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml -v
校验playbook语法
[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml --syntax-check
playbook: nginx_config.yml
测试运行playbook
通过-C选项可以测试playbook的执行情况,但不会真的执行:
[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook -C nginx_config.yml
Multiple Plays
# This is a simple playbook with two plays
- name: first play
hosts: web.example.com
tasks:
- name: first task
yum:
name: httpd
status: present
- name: second task
service:
name: httpd
state: started
- name: second play
hosts: db.example.com
tasks:
- name: first task
yum:
name: mariadb-server
status: present
- name: second task
service:
name: mariadb
state: started
playbook的结构说明
laybook是由一个或多个"play"组成的列表。play的主要功能就是对一组主机应用play中定义好的task。从根本上来讲一个task就是对ansible一个module的调用。而将多个play按照一定的顺序组织到一个playbook中,我们称之为编排。
playbook主要有以下四部分构成:
- Target section: 用于定义将要执行playbook的远程主机组及远程主机组上的用户,还包括定义通过什么样的方式连接远程主机(默认ssh)
- Variable section: 定义playbook运行时需要使用的变量
- Task section: 定义将要在远程主机上执行的任务列表
- Handler section: 定义task执行完成以后需要调用的任务
Target section
playbook中的每一个play的目的都是为了让某个或某些主机以某个指定的用户身份执行任务。
Playbook中的远程用户
playbook中的远程用户和ad-hoc中的使用没有区别,默认不定义,则直接使用ansible.cfg配置中的用户相关的配置。也可在playbook中定义如下:
- name: /etc/hosts is up to date
hosts: datacenter
remote_user: automation
become: yes
become_mothod: sudo
become_user: root
tasks:
- name: server.example.com in /etc/hosts
lineinfile:
path: /etc/hosts
line: '192.168.0.200 server.exmaple.com server'
state: present
Playbook中的hosts
playbook中的hosts即inentory中的定义主机与主机组,在《Ansible Inventory》中我们讲到了如何选择主机与主机组,在这里也完全适用。
Variable section
定义playbook运行时需要使用的变量
- name : test vars
hosts: node2
remote_user: ansible
become_user: root
become_method: sudo
vars:
user:
name: "user1"
address: "IPaddr"
tasks:
- name: "print"
debug:
msg: "{{ user }}"
执行
PLAY [test vars] ******************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [node2]
TASK [print] **********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [node2] => {
"msg": {
"address": "IPaddr",
"name": "user1"
}
}
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
node2 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
Task section
play的主体部分是任务列表。
任务列表中的各任务按次序逐个在hosts中指定的所有主机上执行,在所有主机上完成第一个任务后再开始第二个。在自上而下运行某playbook时,如果中途发生错误,则整个playbook会停止执行,由于playbook的幂等性,playbook可以被反复执行,所以即使发生了错误,在修复错误后,再执行一次即可。
定义task可以使用action: module options或module: options的格式,推荐使用后者以实现向后兼容。
tasks:
- name: make sure apache is running
service:
name: httpd
state: started
- name: disable selinux
command: /sbin/setenforce 0
如果命令或脚本的退出码不为零可以使用如下方式替代:
tasks:
- name: run this command and ignore the result
shell: /usr/bin/somecommand || /bin/true
可以使用ignore_errors来忽略错误信息:
tasks:
- name: run this command and ignore the result
shell: /usr/bin/somecommand
ignore_errors: True
Handler section
在Ansible Playbook中,handler事实上也是个task,只不过这个task默认并不执行,只有在被触发时才执行。
handler通过notify来监视某个或者某几个task,一旦task执行结果发生变化,则触发handler,执行相应操作。
handler会在所有的play都执行完毕之后才会执行,这样可以避免当handler监视的多个task执行结果都发生了变化之后而导致handler的重复执行(handler只需要在最后执行一次即可)。
在notify中定义内容一定要和tasks中定义的 - name 内容一样,这样才能达到触发的效果,否则会不生效。
- name: configure nginx
hosts: 192.168.132.133
tasks:
- name: install epel-release
package:
name: epel-release
state: present
- name: install nginx
package:
name: nginx
state: present
notify: restart nginx
- name: create directory
file:
path: ./file
state: directory
owner: nginx
group: nginx
- name: copy file from remote serevr
fetch:
src: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
dest: file/
- name: delete file of remote server
file:
path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
state: absent
- name: create a remote server file
file:
path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
state: touch
owner: nginx
group: nginx
- name: content
copy:
content: "<h3>welcome ansible</h3>"
dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
- name: start service
systemd:
name: nginx
state: started
enabled: yes
daemon_reload: yes
handlers:
- name: restart nginx
systemd:
name: nginx
daemon_reload: yes
state: restarted
执行
PLAY [configure nginx] ************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install epel-release] *******************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install nginx] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create directory] ***********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [copy file from remote serevr] ***********************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [delete file of remote server] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create a remote server file] ************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [content] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [start service] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.132.133 : ok=9 changed=3 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
没有触发,试音并没有change
- name: configure nginx
hosts: 192.168.132.133
tasks:
- name: install epel-release
package:
name: epel-release
state: present
- name: install nginx
package:
name: nginx
state: present
- name: create directory
file:
path: ./file
state: directory
owner: nginx
group: nginx
- name: copy file from remote serevr
fetch:
src: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
dest: file/
- name: delete file of remote server
file:
path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
state: absent
notify: restart nginx
- name: create a remote server file
file:
path: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
state: touch
owner: nginx
group: nginx
- name: content
copy:
content: "<h3>welcome ansible</h3>"
dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
- name: start service
systemd:
name: nginx
state: started
enabled: yes
daemon_reload: yes
handlers:
- name: restart nginx
systemd:
name: nginx
daemon_reload: yes
state: restarted
执行
[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook nginx_config.yml
PLAY [configure nginx] ************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install epel-release] *******************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [install nginx] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create directory] ***********************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [copy file from remote serevr] ***********************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [delete file of remote server] ***********************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [create a remote server file] ************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [content] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
TASK [start service] **************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.132.133]
RUNNING HANDLER [restart nginx] ***************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.132.133]
PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.132.133 : ok=10 changed=4 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
触发执行
一个任务可以触发多个handlers
notify:
- restart nginx
- restart redis
默认情况下,在一个play中,只要有task执行失败,则play终止,即使是与handler关联的task在失败的task之前运行成功了,handler也不会被执行。如果希望在这种情况下handler仍然能够执行,则需要使用如下配置
- hosts: all
force_handlers: yes
tasks:
- name: a task which always notifies its handler
command: /bin/true
notify: restart the database
- name: a task which fails because the package doesn't exist
yum:
name: notapkg
state: latest
handlers:
- name: restart the database
service:
name: mariadb
如果与handler关联的task还未执行,在其前的task已经失败,整个play终止,则handler未被触发,也不会执行