『现学现忘』Docker常用命令 — 20、容器常用命令(二)
提示:接上一篇
9、后台启动容器
后台启动容器也叫启动守护式容器。
命令:docker run -d 镜像ID或镜像名
查看本地镜像。
[root@192 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
centos latest 300e315adb2f 3 months ago 209MB
以后台模式启动centos
容器。
# 使用镜像`centos:latest`以后台模式启动一个容器
[root@192 ~]# docker run -d centos
57fbb28467164eedf38f118530807840cdaab8497c43d6741a93c36f7ea408a3
执行命令后,返回了创建容器的ID,说明该容器一定启动了。
我们通过docker ps
命令查看启动的容器。
[root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
发现此时宿主机中并没有正在运行的容器。
通过docker ps -a
命令查看本地容器。
可以发现57fbb2846716
容器确实被创建过了。
重点:
这里就有问题了,使用后台模式启动容器,然后使用docker ps -a
命令查看到CentOS容器已经停止了。
很重要的说明的一点:Docker容器后台模式运行,但是容器中要必须有一个前台进程运行。
Docker容器的运行,如果不是那些一直挂起的命令(比如运行top
,tail
),就是会自动退出的,这个是Docker的机制问题。
说明:
比如,Docker中的容器,我们还以CentOS容器为例进行说明。
在Docker中CentOS容器使用后台进程模式运行,而CentOS容器中并没有配置项目或者其他应用,也就是没有对外提供的服务,就导致Docker发现该容器前台没有运行的应用,这样的容器启动后Docker会立即杀掉,因为Docker觉得他没事可做了。
所以,最佳的解决方案是,将你要运行的程序以前台进程的形式运行,就是这种容器加上-it
参数运行。
如下:
(这种模式也是有使用场景的,我们先知道Docker的这种机制就好。)
10、查看容器日志
命令:docker logs -f -t --tail 容器ID
常用参数说明
-t
:日志信息中入时间截。-f
:实时追加最新的日志信息。--tail 数字
:显示最后多少条日志信息。
示例:
如果一个容器没有启动,是无法查看容器的日志信息的。
[root@192 ~]# docker logs -f -t --tail 10 bb442a5cb49d
2021-03-16T08:45:06.614560901Z [root@bb442a5cb49d /]# exit
下面以后台的方式运行CentOS镜像,并执行/bin/sh
的shell脚本语句。
docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true; do echo hello docker;sleep 5; done"
"while true; do echo hello docker; sleep 2; done"
是一个Shell脚本,while
循环语句,每个5秒钟输出一条信息,打印到控制台上。这样前台就会有一个响应,该容器不会被自动关闭。
# 启动容器
[root@192 ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true; do echo hello docker;sleep 5; done"
9dcc4c7d9bb832bae1ae09b65d7369a87574d6bd8feee6a21b290405956262fb
# 查看容器是否正在运行
[root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
9dcc4c7d9bb8 centos "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 5 seconds ago Up 5 seconds tender_tu
# 查看9dcc4c7d9bb8的日志内容
[root@192 ~]# docker logs -f -t --tail 10 9dcc4c7d9bb8
2021-03-16T08:50:52.620056356Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:50:57.625131661Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:02.635728333Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:07.636232055Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:12.639010605Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:17.646571107Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:22.650222917Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:27.655182933Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:32.658490433Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:37.668576884Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:42.672759944Z hello docker
2021-03-16T08:51:47.681343058Z hello docker
如果容器没有日志信息,就什么也不显示,ctrl+c
退出查看日志。
11、查看容器内运行的进程
命令:docker top 容器ID
示例:
# 查看本地镜像
[root@192 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
centos latest 300e315adb2f 3 months ago 209MB
# 后台模式运行该镜像
[root@192 ~]# docker run -d -it centos /bin/sh
584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044
# 查看宿主机正在运行的容器
[root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
584d65a113b4 centos "/bin/sh" 5 seconds ago Up 4 seconds great_golick
# 查看该容器中运行的进程
[root@192 ~]# docker top 584d65a113b4
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 3887 3866 0 16:59 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/sh
同Linux系统中的top
命令一样。
如果以后kill
容器中的进程的时候,就可以通过docker top
来查看对应程序的进程。
12、查看容器内部细节
命令:docker inspect 容器ID
(重要命令)
先来查看一下当前宿主机的容器。
[root@192 ~]# docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS
584d65a113b4 centos "/bin/sh" 13 minutes ago Exited (0) 4 minutes
9dcc4c7d9bb8 centos "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 21 minutes ago Exited (137) 19
查看第一个容器的内部数据,结果是数组格式的Json串。(对一些内容进行了简单的注释)
[root@192 ~]# docker inspect 584d65a113b4
[
{ # 镜像的ID
"Id": "584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044",
"Created": "2021-03-16T08:59:07.033486283Z", # 镜像创建的时间
"Path": "/bin/sh", # 默认的/bin/sh控制台
"Args": [], # 给容器传递的参入,如之前的循环shell脚本,就会显示在这里。
"State": {
"Status": "exited", # 当前容器的状态
"Running": false,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 0,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2021-03-16T08:59:07.63603117Z",
"FinishedAt": "2021-03-16T09:08:22.076447319Z"
}, # Image通过哪个镜像创建的
"Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044/584d65a113b4c102506127a7353869c2be851a63200861c1afae6b68500b3044-json.log",
"Name": "/great_golick",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"ExecIDs": null,
"HostConfig": { # 关于主机的配置
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"CgroupnsMode": "host",
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3369ebf4eef0b52a8f86cdf1bf0ffffcf4742a688f1d71535480a8796ef94004-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/83104bc5fd9a73441b58817e409b2d96eb833d823663aa9d18bb095f63b81348/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3369ebf4eef0b52a8f86cdf1bf0ffffcf4742a688f1d71535480a8796ef94004/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3369ebf4eef0b52a8f86cdf1bf0ffffcf4742a688f1d71535480a8796ef94004/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3369ebf4eef0b52a8f86cdf1bf0ffffcf4742a688f1d71535480a8796ef94004/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [], # 关于挂着的配置
"Config": { # 主机的基本配置
"Hostname": "584d65a113b4", # 系统的Hostname名称,就是命令提示符中的名称。
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"Tty": true,
"OpenStdin": true,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [ # 基本的环境变量配置
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [ # cmd可以使用命令的配置
"/bin/sh"
],
"Image": "centos",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": null,
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
"org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
"org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
"org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
"org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": { # 关于网络的相关配置
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "5a19bf6168476cde70fdbf051d02f87b29b64bdbe6ea4cd8239b1c20e7a26334",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/5a19bf616847",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "",
"Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "",
"IPPrefixLen": 0,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "",
"Networks": {
"bridge": { # 桥接的网卡配置
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "dad7da5bcfec541f2c8b9182444c6f23e5c681d8c55e39b9a871b3b312362a61",
"EndpointID": "",
"Gateway": "",
"IPAddress": "",
"IPPrefixLen": 0,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]