python单例的实现

1.__new__方法实现：

python的单例模式__new__()在__init__()之前被调用，用于生产实例对象。利用这个方法和类的属性的特点可以实现设计模式的单例模式。

class Singleton(object):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
            orig=super(Singleton,cls)
            cls._instance=orig.__new__(cls,*args,**kwargs)
        return cls._instance

class MyClass(Singleton):
    a=1

one=MyClass()
two=MyClass()

# one和two完全相同，可以用id()，==，is检查
print(one.a)    # 1
print(id(one))  # 2565285375728
print(id(two))  # 2565285375728
print(one == two)   # True
print(one is two)   # True

2.metaclass（元类）方法实现

任何类都是type的一个实例，类实例化得到的对象实际上是执行type实例的call方法得到的返回值

"""
class Singleton中的__init__在Myclass声明的时候被执行Myclass=Singleton()
Myclass()执行时，会执行metaclass的__call__方法，Singleton的__call__方法实现单例模式
"""
class Singleton(type):

    def __init__(self, name, bases, dict):
        super(Singleton,self).__init__(name,bases, dict)
        self._instance = None

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self._instance is None:
            self._instance = super(Singleton,self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return self._instance

class MyClass(object,metaclass=Singleton):
    a = 1

one=MyClass()
two=MyClass()
print(id(one))  # 1553247294800
print(id(two))  # 1553247294800
print(one == two)   # True
print(one is two)   # True

 3.装饰器方法实现

def singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs):
    instances = {}
    
    def _singleton():
        if cls not in instances:
            instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return instances[cls]
    return _singleton

@singleton
class MyClass3(object):
    a = 1

one = MyClass3()
two = MyClass3()

print(id(one))  # 2880466769232
print(id(two))  # 2880466769232
print(one == two)   # True
print(one is two)   # True