(转)WSDL文档详解
一、WSDL概述 WebServices Description Language (WSDL Web服务语言)是一个用于精确描述Web Service的文档格式。 WSDL非常适合于用作代码生成器,它能够读取WSDL文档,并且可以为访问Web服务生成一个程序化的接口,大多数软件供应商和主要的标准机构(包括 W3C、WS-I和OASIS)都支持WSDL。例如:JAX-RPC provider(例如:BEA Weblogic)通过API用WSDL生成相应的占位程序;IBM WebSphere、Microsoft.NET以及Apache Axis都有自己的工具生成相关的代码。下图是一个例子:
上面的例子JAX-RPC通过读取WSDL文档,创建JAX-RPC RMI接口(endpoint接口)和实现此接口的网络占位程序(stub)。客户端程序通过RMI接口,Stub和Web Service服务端交换SAOP消息。
二、WSDL基本结构 WSDL文档是一个遵循WSDL XML模式的XML文档(文档实例);类似于:SOAP文档是一个遵循SOAP XML模式的XML文档(文档实例); 一个WSDL文档的根元素是definitions元素,WSDL文档包含7个重要的元素:types, import, message, portType, operations, binding和service元素。
三、WSDL声明 3.1 XML声明
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WSDL的声明必须定义成使用:UTF-8 或者UTF-16 编码。
3.2 definition元素 所有WSDL文档的根元素都是definition元素。
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上面的例子中:message元素利用name属性指定了标签(例如:GetBookPriceRequest),这些标签会自动使用targetNamespace的命名空间,标签了的messages元素通常被称为定义。 文档中的其他元素用标签和命名空间前缀去应用定义,例如上面的例子中:input元素是使用mh:GetBookPriceRequest来引用标签GetBookPriceRequest。
3.3 Types元素 Types元素用作一个容器,定义了自定义的特殊数据类型,在声明消息部分(有效负载)的时候,messages定义使用了types元素中定义的数据类型与元素。
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Types元素作为一个容器,用来定义XML模式内置的数据类型(即复杂类型和定制的简单类现,详细见Web Service XML文章)中没有描述的各种数据类型。例如:ISBN。 上面的例子中,types元素中直接嵌套了一个完整的W3C XML模式文档,此文档中targetNamespace必须是一个有效的非空值,而且必须属于由WSDL文档。
3.4 Import元素 Import元素可以让当前的文档使用其他WSDL文档中指定命名空间中的定义。
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WSDL的import元素必须声明两个属性,即namespace属性和location属性。 namespace属性必须和正导入的WSDL文档中声明的targetNamespace相匹配。 location属性必须指向一个实际的WSDL文档。
四、WSDL抽象接口 Message、portType和operation元素用于描述Web服务的抽象接口,相当于JAVA或者C++中编程中的类的接口。其中 portType相当于类接口的名称;operation相当于接口中包含的函数,message相当于函数的参数和返回值。 4.1 Message元素 Message元素描述了Web服务的有效负载。相当于函数调用中的参数和返回值。
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4.2 portType元素 PortType元素定义了Web服务的抽象接口,它可以由一个或者多个operation元素,每个operation元素定义了一个RPC样式或者文档样式的Web服务方法。
4.3 operation元素 Operation元素要用一个或者多个messages消息来定义它的输入、输出以及错误。
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4.4 WSDL消息交换模式(MEP) Messaging Exchange Patterns(MEP) Web服务中使用了四种消息交换模式,即请求/响应、单向、通知以及恳求/响应模式。大多数基于WSDL的web服务使用请求/响应和单向两种模式。 WSDL通过operation元素的input/output来定义使用那种模式,如果有input+output+可选的fault参数,那就使用请求/响应模式;如果只使用input,那就使用单向模式。 在通知模式中:Web服务将消息发送给客户,但不等待回复;一般客户通过注册来接收通知;在恳求/响应模式中类似通知模式,唯一的区别要期待客户对Web服务的响应。
五、WSDL实现:binding元素 Binding元素将一个抽象的portType映射到一组具体的协议(SOAP或者HTTP)、消息传递样式(RPC或者document)以及编码样式(literal或者SOAP encoding)。 Binding的类似于将接口或者函数的调用绑定到某种协议上:例如CORBA、COM或者RPC的方式,这里使用SOAP协议。
5.1 soapbind:binding元素
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5.2 soapbind:operation元素
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5.3 soapbind:body元素
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5.4 soapbind:fault元素
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5.5 soapbind:header元素
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5.6 soapbind:headerfault元素
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六、WSDL实现:Service和Port元素
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