Git Submodule 使用方法

本例采用两个项目以及两个公共类库演示对submodule的操作。因为在一写资料或者书上的例子都是一个项目对应1～N个lib，但是实际应用往往并不是这么简单。

2.1 创建Git Submodule测试项目

2.1.1 准备环境

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~  pwd
/home/henryyan
mkdir -p submd/repos

创建需要的本地仓库：

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cd ~/submd/repos
git --git-dir=lib1.git init --bare
git --git-dir=lib2.git init --bare
git --git-dir=project1.git init --bare
git --git-dir=project2.git init --bare

初始化工作区：

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mkdir ~/submd/ws
cd ~/submd/ws

2.1.2 初始化项目

初始化project1：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone ../repos/project1.git
Cloning into project1...
done.
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd project1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) echo "project1" > project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ ls
project-infos.txt
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git add project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
#
# Initial commit
#
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   new file:   project-infos.txt
#
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "init project1"
[master (root-commit) 473a2e2] init project1
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git push origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 232 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master
</file>

初始化project2：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 cd ..
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone ../repos/project2.git
Cloning into project2...
done.
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd project2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) echo "project2" > project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ ls
project-infos.txt
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git add project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
#
# Initial commit
#
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   new file:   project-infos.txt
#
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "init project2"
[master (root-commit) 473a2e2] init project2
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) git push origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 232 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project2.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master
</file>

2.1.3 初始化公共类库

初始化公共类库lib1：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone ../repos/lib1.git
Cloning into lib1...
done.
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd lib1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib1 git:(master) echo "I'm lib1." > lib1-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib1 git:(master) ✗ git add lib1-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib1 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "init lib1"
[master (root-commit) c22aff8] init lib1
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib1-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib1 git:(master) git push origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 227 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/lib1.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master

初始化公共类库lib2：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib1 git:(master) cd ..
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone ../repos/lib2.git
Cloning into lib2...
done.
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd lib2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib2 git:(master) echo "I'm lib2." > lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib2 git:(master) ✗ git add lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "init lib2"
[master (root-commit) c22aff8] init lib2
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib2 git:(master) git push origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 227 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/lib2.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master

2.2 为主项目添加Submodules

2.2.1 为project1添加lib1和lib2

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/lib2 git:(master) cd ../project1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ls
project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git submodule add ~/submd/repos/lib1.git libs/lib1
Cloning into libs/lib1...
done.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git submodule add ~/submd/repos/lib2.git libs/lib2
Cloning into libs/lib2...
done.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ ls
libs  project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ ls libs
lib1  lib2
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   new file:   .gitmodules
#   new file:   libs/lib1
#   new file:   libs/lib2
#
 
# 查看一下公共类库的内容
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cat libs/lib1/lib1-features
I'm lib1.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cat libs/lib2/lib2-features
I'm lib2.
</file>

好了，到目前为止我们已经使用git submodule add命令为project1成功添加了两个公共类库（lib1、lib2），查看了当前的状态发现添加了一个新文件(.gitmodules)和两个文件夹(libs/lib1、libs/lib2)；那么新增的.gitmodules文件是做什么用的呢？我们查看一下文件内容便知晓了：

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n@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ cat .gitmodules
[submodule "libs/lib1"]
    path = libs/lib1
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git
[submodule "libs/lib2"]
    path = libs/lib2
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git

原来如此，.gitmodules记录了每个submodule的引用信息，知道在当前项目的位置以及仓库的所在。

好的，我们现在把更改提交到仓库。

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git commit -a -m "add submodules[lib1,lib2] to project1"
[master 7157977] add submodules[lib1,lib2] to project1
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .gitmodules
 create mode 160000 libs/lib1
 create mode 160000 libs/lib2
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 491 bytes, done.
Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
   45cbbcb..7157977  master -> master
 
假如你是第一次引入公共类库的开发人员，那么项目组的其他成员怎么Clone带有Submodule的项目呢，下面我们再clone一个项目讲解如何操作。

2.3 Clone带有Submodule的仓库

模拟开发人员B……

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cd ~/submd/ws
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone ../repos/project1.git project1-b
Cloning into project1-b...
done.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd project1-b
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) git submodule
-c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1 libs/lib1
-7290dce0062bd77df1d83b27dd3fa3f25a836b54 libs/lib2

看到submodules的状态是hash码和文件目录，但是注意前面有一个减号：-，含义是该子模块还没有检出。

OK，检出project1-b的submodules……

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) git submodule init
Submodule 'libs/lib1' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git) registered for path 'libs/lib1'
Submodule 'libs/lib2' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git) registered for path 'libs/lib2'
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) git submodule update
Cloning into libs/lib1...
done.
Submodule path 'libs/lib1': checked out 'c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1'
Cloning into libs/lib2...
done.
Submodule path 'libs/lib2': checked out '7290dce0062bd77df1d83b27dd3fa3f25a836b54'
 
读者可以查看：.git/config文件的内容，最下面有submodule的注册信息！

验证一下类库的文件是否存在：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) cat libs/lib1/lib1-features libs/lib2/lib2-features
I'm lib1.
I'm lib2.
 
上面的两个命令(git submodule init & update)其实可以简化，后面会讲到！

2.3 修改Submodule

我们在开发人员B的项目上修改Submodule的内容。

先看一下当前Submodule的状态：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) cd libs/lib1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1  git status
# Not currently on any branch.
nothing to commit (working directory clean)

为什么是Not currently on any branch呢？不是应该默认在master分支吗？别急，一一解答！

Git对于Submodule有特殊的处理方式，在一个主项目中引入了Submodule其实Git做了3件事情：

  • 记录引用的仓库

  • 记录主项目中Submodules的目录位置

  • 记录引用Submodule的commit id

在project1中push之后其实就是更新了引用的commit id，然后project1-b在clone的时候获取到了submodule的commit id，然后当执行git submodule update的时候git就根据gitlink获取submodule的commit id，最后获取submodule的文件，所以clone之后不在任何分支上；但是master分支的commit id和HEAD保持一致。

查看~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1的引用信息：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1  cat .git/HEAD
c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1  cat .git/refs/heads/master              
c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1

现在我们要修改lib1的文件需要先切换到master分支：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1  git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1 git:(master) echo "add by developer B" >> lib1-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1 git:(master) ✗ git commit -a -m "update lib1-features by developer B"
[master 36ad12d] update lib1-features by developer B
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

在主项目中修改Submodule提交到仓库稍微繁琐一点，在git push之前我们先看看project1-b状态：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
</file></file>

libs/lib1 (new commits)状态表示libs/lib1有新的提交，这个比较特殊，看看project1-b的状态：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git diff
diff --git a/libs/lib1 b/libs/lib1
index c22aff8..36ad12d 160000
--- a/libs/lib1
+++ b/libs/lib1
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1
+Subproject commit 36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2

从状态中可以看出libs/lib1的commit id由原来的c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1更改为36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2

注意：如果现在执行了git submodule update操作那么libs/lib1的commit id又会还原到c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1，

这样的话刚刚的修改是不是就丢死了呢？不会，因为修改已经提交到了master分支，只要再git checkout master就可以了。

现在可以把libs/lib1的修改提交到仓库了：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ cd libs/lib1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 300 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git
   c22aff8..36ad12d  master -> master

现在仅仅只完成了一步，下一步要提交project1-b引用submodule的commit id：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b/libs/lib1 git:(master) cd ~/submd/ws/project1-b
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git add -u
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "update libs/lib1 to lastest commit id"
[master c96838a] update libs/lib1 to lastest commit id
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 395 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
   7157977..c96838a  master -> master

OK，大功高成，我们完成了Submodule的修改并把libs/lib1的最新commit id提交到了仓库。

接下来要看看project1怎么获取submodule了。

2.4 更新主项目的Submodules

好的，让我们先进入project1目录同步仓库：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) cd ../project1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1
   7157977..c96838a  master     -> origin/master
Updating 7157977..c96838a
Fast-forward
 libs/lib1 |    2 +-
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
</file></file>

我们运行了git pull命令和git status获取了最新的仓库源码，然后看到了状态时modified，这是为什么呢？

我们用git diff比较一下不同：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git diff
diff --git a/libs/lib1 b/libs/lib1
index 36ad12d..c22aff8 160000
--- a/libs/lib1
+++ b/libs/lib1
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2
+Subproject commit c22aff85be91eca442734dcb07115ffe526b13a1

从diff的结果分析出来时因为submodule的commit id更改了，我们前面刚刚讲了要在主项目更新submodule的内容首先要提交submdoule的内容，然后再更新主项目中引用的submodulecommit id；现在我们看到的不同就是因为刚刚更改了project1-b的submodule commit id；好的，我来学习一下怎么更新project1的公共类库。

follow me……

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git submodule update
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
</file></file>

泥马，为什么没有更新？git submodule update命令不是更新子模块仓库的吗？

别急，先听我解释；因为子模块是在project1中引入的，git submodule add ~/submd/repos/lib1.git libs/lib1命令的结果，操作之后git只是把lib1的内容clone到了project1中，但是没有在仓库注册，证据如下：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd2/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ cat .git/config
[core]
    repositoryformatversion = 0
    filemode = true
    bare = false
    logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
    fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
[branch "master"]
    remote = origin
    merge = refs/heads/master

我们说过git submodule init就是在.git/config中注册子模块的信息，下面我们试试注册之后再更新子模块：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git submodule init
Submodule 'libs/lib1' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git) registered for path 'libs/lib1'
Submodule 'libs/lib2' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git) registered for path 'libs/lib2'
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git submodule update
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1
   c22aff8..36ad12d  master     -> origin/master
Submodule path 'libs/lib1': checked out '36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2'
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cat .git/config
[core]
    repositoryformatversion = 0
    filemode = true
    bare = false
    logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
    fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
[branch "master"]
    remote = origin
    merge = refs/heads/master
[submodule "libs/lib1"]
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git
[submodule "libs/lib2"]
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cat libs/lib1/lib1-features
I'm lib1.
add by developer B

上面的结果足以证明刚刚的推断，所以记得当需要更新子模块的内容时请先确保已经运行过git submodule init。

2.5 为project2添加lib1和lib2

这个操作对于读到这里的你来说应该是轻车熟路了，action：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cd ~/submd/ws/project2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) git submodule add ~/submd/repos/lib1.git libs/lib1
Cloning into libs/lib1...
done.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git submodule add ~/submd/repos/lib2.git libs/lib2
zsh: correct 'libs/lib2' to 'libs/lib1' [nyae]? n
Cloning into libs/lib2...
done.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ ls
libs  project-infos.txt
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git submodule init
Submodule 'libs/lib1' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git) registered for path 'libs/lib1'
Submodule 'libs/lib2' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git) registered for path 'libs/lib2'
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   new file:   .gitmodules
#   new file:   libs/lib1
#   new file:   libs/lib2
#
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -a -m "add lib1 and lib2"
[master 8dc697f] add lib1 and lib2
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .gitmodules
 create mode 160000 libs/lib1
 create mode 160000 libs/lib2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 471 bytes, done.
Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project2.git
   6e15c68..8dc697f  master -> master
 
</file>

我们依次执行了添加submodule并commit和push到仓库，此阶段任务完成。

2.6 修改lib1和lib2并同步到project1和project2

假如开发人员C同时负责project1和project2，有可能在修改project1的某个功能的时候发现lib1或者lib2的某个组件有bug需要修复，这个需求多模块和大型系统中经常遇到，我们应该怎么解决呢？

假如我的需求如下：

  • 在lib1中添加一个文件：README，用来描述lib1的功能

  • 在lib2中的lib2-features文件中添加一写文字：学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能

2.6.1 在lib1中添加一个文件：README

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) cd libs/lib1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib1 git:(master) echo "lib1 readme contents" > README
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib1 git:(master) ✗ git add README
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib1 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "add file README"
[master 8c666d8] add file README
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 README
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib1 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 4, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 310 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git
   36ad12d..8c666d8  master -> master

前面提到过现在仅仅只完成了一部分，我们需要在project2中再更新lib1的commit id：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git add libs/lib1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "update lib1 to lastest commit id"
[master ce1f3ba] update lib1 to lastest commit id
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
</file></file>
 
我们暂时不push到仓库，等待和lib2的修改一起push。

2.6.2 在lib2中的lib2-features文件添加文字

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) cd libs/lib2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) echo "学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能" >> lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) ✗ git add lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "添加文字：学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能"
[master e372b21] 添加文字：学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 376 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git
   7290dce..e372b21  master -> master
 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) echo "学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能" >> lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) ✗ git add lib2-features
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "添加文字：学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能"
[master e372b21] 添加文字：学习Git submodule的修改并同步功能
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 376 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git
   7290dce..e372b21  master -> master
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2/libs/lib2 git:(master) cd -
~/submd/ws/project2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib2 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git add libs/lib2 
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "update lib2 to lastest commit id"
[master df344c5] update lib2 to lastest commit id
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) git status
# On branch master
# Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
#
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 8, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 776 bytes, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (6/6), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project2.git
   8dc697f..df344c5  master -> master
</file></file>

2.7 同步project2的lib1和lib2的修改到project1

现在project2已经享受到了最新的代码带来的快乐，那么既然project1和project2属于同一个风格，或者调用同一个功能，要让这两个(可能几十个)项目保持一致。

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) cd ../project1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git pull
Already up-to-date.

看看上面的结果对吗？为什么lib1和lib2更新了但是没有显示new commits呢？说到这里我记得刚刚开始学习的时候真得要晕死了，Git跟我玩捉迷藏游戏，为什么我明明提交了但是从project1更新不到任何改动呢？

帮大家分析一下问题，不过在分析之前先看看当前(project1和project2)的submodule状态：

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# project2 的状态，也就是我们刚刚修改后的状态
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project2 git:(master) git submodule
 8c666d86531513dd1aebdf235f142adbac72c035 libs/lib1 (heads/master)
 e372b21dffa611802c282278ec916b5418acebc2 libs/lib2 (heads/master)
 
# project1 的状态，等待更新submodules
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git submodule
 36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2 libs/lib1 (remotes/origin/HEAD)
 7290dce0062bd77df1d83b27dd3fa3f25a836b54 libs/lib2 (heads/master)

两个项目有两个区别：

  • commit id各不相同

  • libs/lib1所处的分支不同

2.7.1 更新project1的lib1和lib2改动

我们还记得刚刚在project2中修改的时候把lib1和lib2都切换到了master分支，目前project1中的lib1不在任何分支，我们先切换到master分支：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) cd libs/lib1
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1/libs/lib1  git checkout master
Previous HEAD position was 36ad12d... update lib1-features by developer B
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is behind 'origin/master' by 1 commit, and can be fast-forwarded.
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1/libs/lib1 git:(master) git pull
remote: Counting objects: 4, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1
   36ad12d..8c666d8  master     -> origin/master
Updating c22aff8..8c666d8
Fast-forward
 README        |    1 +
 lib1-features |    1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 README
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1/libs/lib1 git:(master)

果不其然，我们看到了刚刚在project2中修改的内容，同步到了project1中，当然现在更新了project1的lib1，commit id也会随之变动：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1/libs/lib1 git:(master) cd ../../
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git diff
diff --git a/libs/lib1 b/libs/lib1
index 36ad12d..8c666d8 160000
--- a/libs/lib1
+++ b/libs/lib1
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2
+Subproject commit 8c666d86531513dd1aebdf235f142adbac72c035
</file></file>

现在最新的commit id和project2目前的状态一致，说明真的同步了；好的，现在可以使用相同的办法更新lib2了：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ cd libs/lib2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1/libs/lib2 git:(master) git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2
   7290dce..e372b21  master     -> origin/master
Updating 7290dce..e372b21
Fast-forward
 lib2-features |    1 +
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

2.7.2 更新project1的submodule引用

在2.7.1中我们更新了project1的lib1和lib2的最新版本，现在要把最新的commit id保存到project1中以保持最新的引用。

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#   modified:   libs/lib2 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) ✗ git commit -a -m "update lib1 and lib2 commit id to new version"
[master 8fcca50] update lib1 and lib2 commit id to new version
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1 git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 397 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
   c96838a..8fcca50  master -> master
</file></file>

2.8 更新project1-b项目的子模块(使用脚本)

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1
   c96838a..8fcca50  master     -> origin/master
Updating c96838a..8fcca50
Fast-forward
 libs/lib1 |    2 +-
 libs/lib2 |    2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   libs/lib1 (new commits)
#   modified:   libs/lib2 (new commits)
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
</file></file>

Git提示lib1和lib2有更新内容，这个判断的依据来源于submodule commit id的引用。

现在怎么更新呢？难道还是像project1中那样进入子模块的目录然后git checkout master，接着git pull？

而且现在仅仅才两个子模块、两个项目，如果在真实的项目中使用的话可能几个到几十个不等，再加上N个submodule，自己算一下要怎么更新多少个submodules？

例如笔者现在做的一个项目有5个web模块，每个web模块引用公共的css、js、images、jsp资源，这样就有20个submodule需要更新！！！

工欲善其事，必先利其器，写一个脚本代替手动任务。

2.8.1 牛刀小试

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ grep path .gitmodules | awk '{ print $3 }' > /tmp/study-git-submodule-dirs
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ cat /tmp/study-git-submodule-dirs
 libs/lib1
 libs/lib2

我们通过分析.gitmodules文件得出子模块的路径，然后就可以根据这些路径进行更新。

2.8.2 上路

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ mkdir bin
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ vi bin/update-submodules.sh

把下面的脚本复制到bin/update-submodules.sh中：

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#!/bin/bash
grep path .gitmodules | awk '{ print $3 }' > /tmp/study-git-submodule-dirs
 
# read
while read LINE
do
    echo $LINE
    (cd ./$LINE && git checkout master && git pull)
done < /tmp/study-git-submodule-dirs

稍微解释一下上面的脚本执行过程：

  • 首先把子模块的路径写入到文件/tmp/study-git-submodule-dirs中；

  • 然后读取文件中的子模块路径，依次切换到master分支(修改都是在master分支上进行的)，最后更新最近改动。

2.8.3 2013-01-19更新

网友@紫煌给出了更好的办法，一个命令就可以代替上面的bin/update-submodules.sh的功能：

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git submodule foreach git pull

此命令也脚本一样，循环进入（enter）每个子模块的目录，然后执行foreach后面的命令。

该后面的命令可以任意的，例如 git submodule foreach ls -l 可以列出每个子模块的文件列表

2.8.3 体验工具带来的便利

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git submodule
+36ad12d40d8a41a4a88a64add27bd57cf56c9de2 libs/lib1 (heads/master)
+7290dce0062bd77df1d83b27dd3fa3f25a836b54 libs/lib2 (heads/master)
 
# 添加执行权限
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ chmod +x ./bin/update-submodules.sh
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ ./bin/update-submodules.sh
libs/lib1
Already on 'master'
remote: Counting objects: 4, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1
   36ad12d..8c666d8  master     -> origin/master
Updating 36ad12d..8c666d8
Fast-forward
 README |    1 +
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 README
libs/lib2
Switched to branch 'master'
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2
   7290dce..e372b21  master     -> origin/master
Updating 7290dce..e372b21
Fast-forward
 lib2-features |    1 +
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git submodule
 8c666d86531513dd1aebdf235f142adbac72c035 libs/lib1 (heads/master)
 e372b21dffa611802c282278ec916b5418acebc2 libs/lib2 (heads/master)
 
 ➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#   bin/
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
</file>

更新之后的两个变化：

  • git submodule的结果和project2的submodule commit id保持一致；

  • project1-b不再提示new commits了。

现在可以把工具添加到仓库了，当然你可以很骄傲的分享给其他项目组的同事。

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git add bin/update-submodules.sh
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "添加自动更新submodule的快捷脚本^_^"
[master 756e788] 添加自动更新submodule的快捷脚本^_^
 1 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 bin/update-submodules.sh
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-b git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 625 bytes, done.
Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
   8fcca50..756e788  master -> master

2.9 新进员工加入团队，一次性Clone项目和Submodules

一般人使用的时候都是使用如下命令：

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git clone /path/to/repos/foo.git
git submodule init
git submodule update
 
新员工不耐烦了，嘴上不说但是心里想：怎么那么麻烦？

上面的命令简直弱暴了，直接一行命令搞定：

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git clone --recursive /path/to/repos/foo.git

–recursive参数的含义：可以在clone项目时同时clone关联的submodules。

git help 对其解释：

--recursive, --recurse-submodules
   After the clone is created, initialize all submodules within, using their default settings. This is equivalent to running git
   submodule update --init --recursive immediately after the clone is finished. This option is ignored if the cloned repository
   does not have a worktree/checkout (i.e. if any of --no-checkout/-n, --bare, or --mirror is given)

2.9.1 使用一键方式克隆project2

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone --recursive ../repos/project2.git project2-auto-clone-submodules
Cloning into project2-auto-clone-submodules...
done.
Submodule 'libs/lib1' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git) registered for path 'libs/lib1'
Submodule 'libs/lib2' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git) registered for path 'libs/lib2'
Cloning into libs/lib1...
done.
Submodule path 'libs/lib1': checked out '8c666d86531513dd1aebdf235f142adbac72c035'
Cloning into libs/lib2...
done.
Submodule path 'libs/lib2': checked out 'e372b21dffa611802c282278ec916b5418acebc2'

舒服……

3.移除Submodule

牢骚：搞不明白为什么git不设计一个类似：git submodule remove的命令呢？

我们从project1.git克隆一个项目用来练习移除submodule：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  git clone --recursive ../repos/project1.git project1-remove-submodules
Cloning into project1-remove-submodules...
done.
Submodule 'libs/lib1' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git) registered for path 'libs/lib1'
Submodule 'libs/lib2' (/home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git) registered for path 'libs/lib2'
Cloning into libs/lib1...
done.
Submodule path 'libs/lib1': checked out '8c666d86531513dd1aebdf235f142adbac72c035'
Cloning into libs/lib2...
done.
Submodule path 'libs/lib2': checked out 'e372b21dffa611802c282278ec916b5418acebc2'
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd !$
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws  cd project1-remove-submodules

3.1 Step by

1、删除git cache和物理文件夹

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) git rm -r --cached libs/
rm 'libs/lib1'
rm 'libs/lib2'
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) ✗ rm -rf libs

2、删除.gitmodules的内容（或者整个文件）因为本例只有两个子模块，直接删除文件：

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) ✗ rm .gitmodules
 
如果仅仅删除某一个submodule那么打开.gitmodules文件编辑，删除对应submodule配置即可。

3、删除.git/config的submodule配置源文件：

[core]
    repositoryformatversion = 0 
    filemode = true
    bare = false
    logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
    fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
[branch "master"]
    remote = origin
    merge = refs/heads/master
[submodule "libs/lib1"]
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib1.git
[submodule "libs/lib2"]
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/repos/lib2.git

删除后：

[core]
    repositoryformatversion = 0 
    filemode = true
    bare = false
    logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
    fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
    url = /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
[branch "master"]
    remote = origin
    merge = refs/heads/master

4、提交更改

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➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) ✗ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   deleted:    libs/lib1
#   deleted:    libs/lib2
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   deleted:    .gitmodules
#
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) ✗ git add .gitmodules
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) ✗ git commit -m "删除子模块lib1和lib2"
[master 5e2ee71] 删除子模块lib1和lib2
 3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .gitmodules
 delete mode 160000 libs/lib1
 delete mode 160000 libs/lib2
➜ henryyan@hy-hp  ~/submd/ws/project1-remove-submodules git:(master) git push
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 302 bytes, done.
Total 2 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (2/2), done.
To /home/henryyan/submd/ws/../repos/project1.git
   756e788..5e2ee71  master -> master
</file></file></file>

4.结束语

对于Git Submodule来说在刚刚接触的时候多少会有点凌乱的赶紧，尤其是没有接触过svn:externals。

本文从开始创建项目到使用git submodule的每个步骤以及细节、原理逐一讲解，希望到此读者能驾驭它。

学会了Git submdoule你的项目中再也不会出现大量重复的资源文件、公共类库，更不会出现多个版本，甚至一个客户的多个项目风格存在各种差异。

本文的写作来源于工作中的实践，如果您对于某个做法有更好的办法还请赐教，希望能留下您宝贵的意见。





posted @ 2014-12-17 09:59  点点爱梦  阅读(243)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报