阅读之线程连接池
为什么使用HTTP连接池?
随着系统架构风格逐渐向前后端分离架构,微服务架构转变,RestFul风格API的开发与设计,同时SpringMVC也很好的支持了REST风格接口。各个系统之间服务的调用大多采用HTTP+JSON或HTTPS+JSON方式。
HTTP1.1默认是持久连接,HTTP1.0也可以通过在请求头中设置Connection:keep-alive使得连接成为长连接。既然HTTP协议支持长连接,那么HTTP连接同样可以使用连接池技术来管理和维护连接建立和销毁。 但是由于每次HTTP连接请求实际上都是在传输层建立的TCP连接,利用的socket进行通信,HTTP连接的保持和关闭实际上都同TCP连接的建立和关闭有关,所有每次HTTP请求都有经过TCP连接的三次握手(建立连接)和四次挥手(释放连接)的过程。所以采用HTTP连接池有以下优势:
降低了频繁建立HTTP连接的时间开销,减少了TCP连接建立和释放时socket通信服务器端资源的浪费;
支持更高的并发量;
常用HttpClient连接池API
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager连接池管理实现类
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager是一个HttpClient连接池实现类,实现了HttpClientConnectionManager和ConnPoolControl接口。
构造方法:
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager():无参构造方法,从源码中可以看到该方法调用了getDefaultRegistry()来注册http协议和https协议。
常用方法:
public void setMaxTotal(int max):该方法定义在ConnPoolControl接口中,表示设置最大连接数为max。
public void setDefaultMaxPerRoute(int max):该方法也是定义在ConnPoolControl接口中,表示将每个路由的默认最大连接数设置为max
public void setMaxPerRoute(HttpRoute route,int max):设置某个指定路由的最大连接数,这个配置会覆盖setDefaultMaxPerRoute的某个路由的值。
常用方法
static RequestConfig.Builder custom():静态方法,用于构建Builder 对象,然后设置相应的参数;
int getConnectionRequestTimeout():获取从连接池获取连接的最长时间,单位是毫秒;
int getConnectTimeout():获取创建连接的最长时间,单位是毫秒;
int getSocketTimeout():获取数据传输的最长时间,单位是毫秒;
RequestConfig有一个静态内部类Builder,用于构建RequestConfig对象并设置请求参数,该类有以下常用方法:
public RequestConfig.Builder setConnectionRequestTimeout(int
connectionRequestTimeout):设置从连接池获取连接的最长时间,单位是毫秒;
public RequestConfig.Builder setConnectTimeout(int connectTimeout):设置创建连接的最长时间,单位是毫秒;
public RequestConfig.Builder setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout):设置数据传输的最长时间,单位是毫秒;
HttpRequestRetryHandler请求重试接口
boolean retryRequest(IOException exception, int executionCount,
org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext context):实现该接口的,必须实现该方法,决定了如果一个方法执行时发生了IO异常,是否应该重试,重试executionCount次。
单线程-使用连接池管理HTTP请求
主要步骤:
1.创建HTTP的连接池管理对象cm,如下所示
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
2.设置最大连接数和每个路由的默认最大连接数等参数,如下所示
//将最大连接数增加到200
cm.setMaxTotal(200);
//将每个路由的默认最大连接数增加到20
cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(20);
3.模拟发送HttpGet请求或者HttpPost请求,注意这里创建HttpClients对象的时候需要从连接池中获取,即要设置连接池对象,当执行发生IO异常需要处理时,要实现HttpRequestRetryHandler接口;需要注意的是这里处理完请求响应后,不能关闭HttpClient对象,如果关闭连接池也会销毁。HttpClients对象创建对象所示:
CloseableHttpClient httpClient
= HttpClients.custom()
.setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
.setRetryHandler(retryHandler(5)).build();
4.可以开启线程来监听连接池中空闲连接,并清理无效连接,线程监听频率可以自行设置。
Java实现源码:
package com.liangpj.develop.httpclient;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntityEnclosingRequest;
import org.apache.http.HttpRequest;
import org.apache.http.NoHttpResponseException;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpRequestRetryHandler;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;
import org.apache.http.conn.ConnectTimeoutException;
import org.apache.http.conn.HttpClientConnectionManager;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;
import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLException;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
/**
* 单线程-使用连接池管理HTTP请求
* @author: liangpengju
* @version: 1.0
*/
public class HttpConnectManager {
public static void main(String[]
args) throws Exception {
//创建HTTP的连接池管理对象
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
//将最大连接数增加到200
connectionManager.setMaxTotal(200);
//将每个路由的默认最大连接数增加到20
connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(20);
//将http://www.baidu.com:80的最大连接增加到50
//HttpHost httpHost = new
HttpHost("http://www.baidu.com",80);
//connectionManager.setMaxPerRoute(new
HttpRoute(httpHost),50);
//发起3次GET请求
String url
="https://www.baidu.com/s?word=java";
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i=0;i<100;i++){
doGet(connectionManager,url);
}
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("consume -> " +
(end - start));
//清理无效连接
new IdleConnectionEvictor(connectionManager).start();
}
/**
* 请求重试处理
* @param tryTimes 重试次数
* @return
*/
public static HttpRequestRetryHandler retryHandler(final int tryTimes){
HttpRequestRetryHandler httpRequestRetryHandler
= new HttpRequestRetryHandler() {
@Override
public boolean retryRequest(IOException
exception, int executionCount, HttpContext context) {
// 如果已经重试了n次,就放弃
if (executionCount
>= tryTimes) {
return false;
}
// 如果服务器丢掉了连接,那么就重试
if (exception instanceof NoHttpResponseException) {
return true;
}
// 不要重试SSL握手异常
if (exception instanceof SSLHandshakeException) {
return false;
}
// 超时
if (exception instanceof InterruptedIOException) {
return false;
}
// 目标服务器不可达
if (exception instanceof UnknownHostException) {
return true;
}
// 连接被拒绝
if (exception instanceof ConnectTimeoutException) {
return false;
}
// SSL握手异常
if (exception instanceof SSLException) {
return false;
}
HttpClientContext
clientContext = HttpClientContext .adapt(context);
HttpRequest request =
clientContext.getRequest();
// 如果请求是幂等的,就再次尝试
if (!(request instanceof HttpEntityEnclosingRequest)) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
};
return httpRequestRetryHandler;
}
/**
* doGet
* @param url 请求地址
* @param connectionManager
* @throws Exception
*/
public static void doGet(HttpClientConnectionManager
connectionManager,String url) throws Exception {
//从连接池中获取client对象,多例
CloseableHttpClient httpClient =
HttpClients.custom()
.setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
.setRetryHandler(retryHandler(5)).build();
// 创建http GET请求
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
// 构建请求配置信息
RequestConfig config =
RequestConfig.custom().setConnectTimeout(1000) // 创建连接的最长时间
.setConnectionRequestTimeout(500) // 从连接池中获取到连接的最长时间
.setSocketTimeout(10 * 1000) //
数据传输的最长时间10s
.setStaleConnectionCheckEnabled(true) // 提交请求前测试连接是否可用
.build();
// 设置请求配置信息
httpGet.setConfig(config);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
try {
// 执行请求
response =
httpClient.execute(httpGet);
// 判断返回状态是否为200
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
String content =
EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println("内容长度:" + content.length());
}
} finally {
if (response != null) {
response.close();
}
// 此处不能关闭httpClient,如果关闭httpClient,连接池也会销毁
// httpClient.close();
}
}
/**
* 监听连接池中空闲连接,清理无效连接
*/
public static class IdleConnectionEvictor extends Thread {
private final HttpClientConnectionManager
connectionManager;
private volatile boolean shutdown;
public IdleConnectionEvictor(HttpClientConnectionManager
connectionManager) {
this.connectionManager =
connectionManager;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (!shutdown) {
synchronized (this) {
//3s检查一次
wait(3000);
// 关闭失效的连接
connectionManager.closeExpiredConnections();
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
// 结束
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void shutdown() {
shutdown = true;
synchronized (this) {
notifyAll();
}
}
}
}
多线程-HttpClient连接池管理HTTP请求实例
主要步骤:
1.创建HTTP的连接池管理对象cm,如下所示
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
2.设置最大连接数和每个路由的默认最大连接数等参数,如下所示
//将最大连接数增加到200
cm.setMaxTotal(200);
//将每个路由的默认最大连接数增加到20
cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(20);
3.创建HttpClients对象的并设置连接池对象,HttpClients对象创建对象所示:
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(connectionManager).build();
4.继承Thread类实现一个执行Get请求线程类GetThread,重载run()方法,执行HttpGet请求;
5.定义要请求的URI地址为数组形式,为每一个URI创建一个GetThread线程,并启动所有线程;
Java实现源码:
package com.liangpj.develop.httpclient;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;
import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* 多线程-HttpClient连接池管理HTTP请求实例
*/
public class MultiThreadHttpConnManager {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//连接池对象
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager
= new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
//将最大连接数增加到200
connectionManager.setMaxTotal(200);
//将每个路由的默认最大连接数增加到20
connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(20);
//HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient =
HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(connectionManager).build();
//URIs to DoGet
String[] urisToGet = {
"https://www.baidu.com/s?word=java",
"https://www.baidu.com/s?word=java",
"https://www.baidu.com/s?word=java",
"https://www.baidu.com/s?word=java"
};
//为每一个URI创建一个线程
GetThread[] threads
= new GetThread[urisToGet.length];
for (int i=0;i<threads.length;i++){
HttpGet httpGet
= new HttpGet(urisToGet[i]);
threads[i] = new GetThread(httpClient,httpGet);
}
//启动线程
for (int j=0;j<threads.length;j++){
threads[j].start();
}
//join 线程
for(int k=0;k<threads.length;k++){
try {
threads[k].join();
} catch (InterruptedException
e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/**
* 执行Get请求线程
*/
public static class GetThread extends Thread{
private final CloseableHttpClient
httpClient;
private final HttpContext context;
private final HttpGet httpget;
public GetThread(CloseableHttpClient
httpClient, HttpGet httpget) {
this.httpClient = httpClient;
this.context =
HttpClientContext.create();
this.httpget = httpget;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
CloseableHttpResponse
response = httpClient.execute(httpget,context);
try {
HttpEntity
entity = response.getEntity();
}finally {
response.close();
}
}catch (ClientProtocolException
ex){
//处理客户端协议异常
}catch (IOException ex){
//处理客户端IO异常
}
}
}
}