Ansible之Inventory文件

一 简介

在使用Ansible来批量管理主机的时候，通常我们需要先定义要管理哪些主机或者主机组，而这个用于管理主机与主机组的文件就叫做Inventory，也叫主机清单。该文件默认位于/etc/ansible/hosts。当然我们也可以通过修改ansible配置文件的hostfile配置项来修改默认inventory的位置。

二 定义主机和组

有四个主机

192.168.1.220   master
192.168.1.221   node01
192.168.1.222   node02
192.168.1.205   node03

[root@master ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:PrnxqgROP47Y0CON4i/MabOooigbCUhFO6A+0wVttmU root@master
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| ..+.            |
|. o o+ E         |
|.. oo.+          |
|+ . o.           |
|o+ .o   S        |
|..o* o . .       |
|* = = + =        |
|*X = = . =       |
|%+*.o o.o..      |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@master ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.1.221
[root@master ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.1.222
[root@master ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.1.205

2.2 简单实用ping模块检测连通性

 

2.4 hosts文件管理
使用主机名连接，则需要保证主机名可以被解析
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
node02 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.1.221
192.168.1.220   
192.168.1.221   
192.168.1.222   
192.168.1.205   

[root@master ~]# ansible 192.168.1.221 -m ping
192.168.1.221 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

修改配置，可以输入密码

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
# config file for ansible -- https://ansible.com/
# ===============================================

# nearly all parameters can be overridden in ansible-playbook
# or with command line flags. ansible will read ANSIBLE_CONFIG,
# ansible.cfg in the current working directory, .ansible.cfg in
# the home directory or /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg, whichever it
# finds first

[defaults]

# some basic default values...

#inventory      = /etc/ansible/hosts
#library        = /usr/share/my_modules/
#module_utils   = /usr/share/my_module_utils/
#remote_tmp     = ~/.ansible/tmp
#local_tmp      = ~/.ansible/tmp
#plugin_filters_cfg = /etc/ansible/plugin_filters.yml
#forks          = 5
#poll_interval  = 15
#sudo_user      = root
#ask_sudo_pass = True
ask_pass      = True    #开启
#transport      = smart
#remote_port    = 22
#module_lang    = C
#module_set_locale = False

[root@master ~]# ansible 192.168.1.221 -m ping
SSH password:       #需要输入密码
192.168.1.221 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
[root@master ~]#     

[root@master ~]# ansible node02 -m shell -a "whoami"
node02 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
root

三 主机分组

配置都使用主机组

3.1 简答配置

[root@master ~]# vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.1.220   master
192.168.1.221   node01
192.168.1.222   node02
192.168.1.205   node03

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[web]
node01
node02
[mysql]
node03

执行

[root@master ~]# ansible web -m ping
node02 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
node01 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

[root@master ~]# ansible mysql -m ping
node03 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

3.2  指定主机范围

# 下面指定了从web-node01到web-node50，webservers组共计50台主机；databases组有db-node-a到db-node-f共6台主机
[webservers]
web-node[01:50].test.com
[databases]
db-node[a:f].test.com

[root@master ~]# ansible all --list-hosts
  hosts (59):
    node01
    node02
    web-node01.test.com
    web-node02.test.com
    web-node03.test.com
    web-node04.test.com
    web-node05.test.com
    web-node06.test.com
    web-node07.test.com
    web-node08.test.com
    web-node09.test.com
    web-node10.test.com
    web-node11.test.com
    web-node12.test.com
    web-node13.test.com
    web-node14.test.com
    web-node15.test.com
    web-node16.test.com
    web-node17.test.com
    web-node18.test.com
    web-node19.test.com
    web-node20.test.com
    web-node21.test.com
    web-node22.test.com
    web-node23.test.com
    web-node24.test.com
    web-node25.test.com
    web-node26.test.com
    web-node27.test.com
    web-node28.test.com
    web-node29.test.com
    web-node30.test.com
    web-node31.test.com
    web-node32.test.com
    web-node33.test.com
    web-node34.test.com
    web-node35.test.com
    web-node36.test.com
    web-node37.test.com
    web-node38.test.com
    web-node39.test.com
    web-node40.test.com
    web-node41.test.com
    web-node42.test.com
    web-node43.test.com
    web-node44.test.com
    web-node45.test.com
    web-node46.test.com
    web-node47.test.com
    web-node48.test.com
    web-node49.test.com
    web-node50.test.com
    node03
    db-nodea.test.com
    db-nodeb.test.com
    db-nodec.test.com
    db-noded.test.com
    db-nodee.test.com
    db-nodef.test.com

4.3 匹配指定的主机或主机组

匹配单个组

[root@master ~]# ansible prod --list-hosts
  hosts (3):
    lb2.lab.example.com
    db1.example.com
    jupiter.lab.example.com

匹配单个主机

[root@master ~]# ansible db2.example.com --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    db2.example.com

匹配多个主机

[root@master ~]# ansible 'lb1.lab.example.com,s1.lab.example.com,db1.example.com' --list-hosts
  hosts (3):
    lb1.lab.example.com
    s1.lab.example.com
    db1.example.com

匹配多个组

[root@master ~]# ansible 'london,boston' --list-hosts
  hosts (7):
    db2.example.com
    db3.example.com
    file1.lab.example.com
    lb1.lab.example.com
    db1.example.com
    jupiter.lab.example.com
    lb2.lab.example.com

匹配不属于任何组的主机

[root@master ~]# ansible ungrouped --list-hosts
  hosts (4):
    srv1.example.com
    srv2.example.com
    s1.lab.example.com
    s2.lab.example.com

4.4 通配符匹配

匹配'*.example.com'：

[root@master ~]# ansible '*.example.com' --list-hosts
  hosts (14):
    s1.lab.example.com
    file1.lab.example.com
    lb1.lab.example.com
    srv2.example.com
    db3.example.com
    srv1.example.com
    web1.lab.example.com
    db2.example.com
    db1.example.com
    jupiter.lab.example.com
    lb2.lab.example.com
    file2.example.com
    s2.lab.example.com
    saturn.example.com

匹配172.25.*的主机：

[root@master ~]# ansible '172.25.*' --list-hosts
  hosts (2):
    172.25.252.23
    172.25.252.44

匹配以s开头的主机及主机组：

[root@master ~]# ansible 's*' --list-hosts
  hosts (7):
    file2.example.com
    db2.example.com
    s1.lab.example.com
    srv2.example.com
    srv1.example.com
    s2.lab.example.com
    saturn.example.com

4.5 通配符组合匹配

匹配包含*.example.com但不包含*.lab.example.com的主机：

[root@master ~]# ansible '*.example.com,!*.lab.example.com' --list-hosts  
  hosts (7):
    srv2.example.com
    db3.example.com
    srv1.example.com
    db2.example.com
    db1.example.com
    file2.example.com
    saturn.example.com

匹配包含prod以及172开头、包含lab关键字的主机或组

[root@master ~]# ansible 'prod,172*,*lab*' --list-hosts
  hosts (10):
    lb2.lab.example.com
    db1.example.com
    jupiter.lab.example.com
    172.25.252.23
    172.25.252.44
    s1.lab.example.com
    file1.lab.example.com
    lb1.lab.example.com
    web1.lab.example.com
    s2.lab.example.com

匹配属于db组同时还属于london组的主机：

[root@master ~]# ansible 'db,&london' --list-hosts
  hosts (2):
    db2.example.com
    db3.example.com

匹配在london组或者boston组，还必须在prod组中且必须不在lb组中的主机：

[root@master ~]# ansible 'boston,london,&prod,!lb' --list-hosts
  hosts (2):
    db1.example.com
    jupiter.lab.example.com

4.6 正则表达式匹配

在开头的地方使用”~”，用来表示这是一个正则表达式:

[root@master ~]# ansible '~(s|db).*example\.com' --list-hosts
  hosts (8):
    s1.lab.example.com
    srv2.example.com
    db3.example.com
    srv1.example.com
    db2.example.com
    db1.example.com
    s2.lab.example.com
    saturn.example.com

4.7 通过--limit明确指定主机或组

通过--limit在选定的组中明确指定主机：

[root@master ~]# ansible ungrouped  --limit srv1.example.com --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    srv1.example.com

通过--limit参数，还可以指定一个文件，该文件中定义明确指定的主机的列表，定义一个retry_hosts.txt如下：

[root@master ~]# vim retry_hosts.txt
srv1.example.com
[root@master ~]#  ansible ungrouped  --limit @retry_hosts.txt --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    srv1.example.com

4.8 通配符和正则表达式配合使用

[root@master ~]# ansible '~(s|db).*,prod,*.lab.example.com' --list-hosts
  hosts (14):
    db1.example.com
    db2.example.com
    db3.example.com
    file2.example.com
    s1.lab.example.com
    srv2.example.com
    srv1.example.com
    s2.lab.example.com
    saturn.example.com
    lb2.lab.example.com
    jupiter.lab.example.com
    file1.lab.example.com
    lb1.lab.example.com
    web1.lab.example.com