Lagom学习 (三)

lagom代码中有大量的Lambda表达式,首先补习一下lambda表达式和函数式接口的相关知识。

一: 函数式接口

  • 函数式接口其实本质上还是一个接口,但是它是一种特殊的接口:

                  这种类型的接口,使得以其为参数的方法,可以在调用时,使用一个lambda表达式作为参数(比如new Thread(Runable), 中的参数)。

                   从另一个方面说,一旦我们调用某方法,可以传入lambda表达式作为参数,则这个方法的参数类型,必定是一个函数式的接口。

  • 什么是函数式接口:

                   接口用@FunctionalInterface注解修饰,但不是必须的;

                   这个接口中,只能有一个函数需要被实现;

                   但是可以有默认方法(default修饰)与静态方法(static修饰,并可以提供static方式实现);

                   可以有 Object 中覆盖的方法,也就是 equals,toString,hashcode等方法。

  • 注意:

 

         FunctionalInterface注解标注一个函数式接口,不能标注方法枚举属性这些。

      如果接口被标注了@FunctionalInterface,这个类就必须符合函数式接口的规范

      即使一个接口没有标注@FunctionalInterface,如果这个接口满足函数式接口规则,依旧被当作函数式接口。

 

Runnable接口就是一个函数式接口:

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
    /**
     * When an object implementing interface <code>Runnable</code> is used
     * to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's
     * <code>run</code> method to be called in that separately executing
     * thread.
     * <p>
     * The general contract of the method <code>run</code> is that it may
     * take any action whatsoever.
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Thread#run()
     */
    public abstract void run();
}

可以自定义函数式接口:

这个接口由一个需要实现的函数,这个函数的参数是F,返回的是T;

@FunctionalInterface
interface Converter<F, T> {
    T convert(F from);
}

使用: 如下的lambda表达式(from) -> Integer.valueOf(from);  这个表达式的格式要和上面的函数匹配,也就是说F在这里是String类型,T是Integer类型,from就是F,Integer.valueof(from)的结果是integer,T就是integer;

Converter<String, Integer> converter = (from) -> Integer.valueOf(from);
Integer converted = converter.convert("123");

如下为一些已经实现的函数式接口:

 // Function<T, R> -T作为输入,返回的R作为输出
    Function<String,String> function = (x) -> {System.out.print(x+": ");return "Function";};
    System.out.println(function.apply("hello world"));
 //Predicate<T> -T作为输入,返回的boolean值作为输出
    Predicate<String> pre = (x) ->{System.out.print(x);return false;};
    System.out.println(": "+pre.test("hello World"));
 //Consumer<T> - T作为输入,执行某种动作但没有返回值
    Consumer<String> con = (x) -> {System.out.println(x);};
    con.accept("hello world");
 //Supplier<T> - 没有任何输入,返回T
    Supplier<String> supp = () -> {return "Supplier";};
    System.out.println(supp.get());
 //BinaryOperator<T> -两个T作为输入,返回一个T作为输出,对于“reduce”操作很有用
    BinaryOperator<String> bina = (x,y) ->{System.out.print(x+" "+y);return "BinaryOperator";};
    System.out.println("  "+bina.apply("hello ","world"));

这里以Function接口为例:

  Function接口的需要实现的函数是"R apply(T t)", 参数是t, 返回值是R;
  Function<String,String> function = (x) -> {System.out.print(x+": ");return "Function";}; 这里的T是String类型,R也是String类型;
  System.out.println(function.apply("hello world")); // Function.apply()返回的是String类型,满足System.out.println的参数需要;“hello world”
是String类型,也满足apply的参数需要。
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2010, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */
package java.util.function;
import java.util.Objects;
/**
 * Represents a function that accepts one argument and produces a result.
 *
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #apply(Object)}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the input to the function
 * @param <R> the type of the result of the function
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {
    /**
     * Applies this function to the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the function argument
     * @return the function result
     */
    R apply(T t);

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function to its input, and then applies this function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the
     *           composed function
     * @param before the function to apply before this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function and then applies this function
     * @throws NullPointerException if before is null
     *
     * @see #andThen(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
     * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
     *           composed function
     * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
     * applies the {@code after} function
     * @throws NullPointerException if after is null
     *
     * @see #compose(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a function that always returns its input argument.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function
     * @return a function that always returns its input argument
     */
    static <T> Function<T, T> identity() {
        return t -> t;
    }
}

Lambda表达式

书写方法:  e -> System.out.println( e )

    1. 三部分构成

        参数列表

        符号 ->

        函数体 : 有多个语句,可以用{} 包括, 如果需要返回值且只有一个语句,可以省略 return

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

上面的基础知识复习完毕。

如下代码应该如何理解?

 1  @Override
 2   public ServiceCall<NotUsed, Source<Chirp, ?>> getLiveActivityStream(String userId) {
 3     return req -> {
 4       return friendService.getUser(userId).invoke().thenCompose(user -> {
 5         PSequence<String> userIds = user.friends.plus(userId);
 6         LiveChirpsRequest chirpsReq =  new LiveChirpsRequest(userIds);
 7         // Note that this stream will not include changes to friend associates,
 8         // e.g. adding a new friend.
 9         CompletionStage<Source<Chirp, ?>> result = chirpService.getLiveChirps().invoke(chirpsReq);
10         return result;
11       });
12     };
13   }
ServiceCall是一个函数式接口,其函数是invoke,invoke参数是Request,返回的是CompletionStage<Response>, getLiveActivityStream需要返回ServiceCall接口,因为
其是函数式,所以可以返回 "CompletionStage<Response> invoke(Request var1)",line 3 ~ line 12参数是Request,返回CompletionStage<Response>,满足函数
的定义要求。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface ServiceCall<Request, Response> {
    CompletionStage<Response> invoke(Request var1);
...
}
再看如下代码:
friendService.getUser(userId)返回的类型是ServiceCall接口,invoke是接口函数,而friendService.getUser的实现里面返回的就是一个lambad表达式,
friendService.getUser(userId).invoke()就会执行friendService.getUser中实现的代码。
friendService.getUser(userId).invoke().thenCompose(user -> {
  PSequence<String> userIds = user.friends.plus(userId);
  LiveChirpsRequest chirpsReq =  new LiveChirpsRequest(userIds);
  // Note that this stream will not include changes to friend associates,
  // e.g. adding a new friend.
  CompletionStage<Source<Chirp, ?>> result = chirpService.getLiveChirps().invoke(chirpsReq);
  return result;
});
invoke()函数返回的是CompletionStage<Response>,不是一个函数式接口,那么调用其thenCompose方法,参数类型是fn,
public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenCompose
(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn);

user就是? super T, 返回的CompletionStage<Source<Chirp, ?>> 就是 ? extends CompletionStage<U>>



 

posted @ 2018-02-12 17:14  刘大飞  阅读(257)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报