基于mykernel 2.0编写一个操作系统内核

1 配置并编译mykernel 2.0

1.1 本机环境

VirtualBox 6.1.6 + Manjaro 20.0.1

Manjaro是一个基于Arch的面向新手的容易上手的发行版，本次实验使用Manjaro主要是因为我已经有了一个预先配置好的Manjaro虚拟机。

1.2 编译过程

执行以下命令：

sudo pacman -Syu # Manjaro是滚动更新的发行版，使用时需要更新到最新版本
wget https://raw.github.com/mengning/mykernel/master/mykernel-2.0_for_linux-5.4.34.patch
sudo pacman -S axel
axel -n 20 https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.34.tar.xz
xz -d linux-5.4.34.tar.xz
tar -xvf linux-5.4.34.tar
cd linux-5.4.34
patch -p1 < ../mykernel-2.0_for_linux-5.4.34.patch
sudo pacman -S base-devel libncurses-dev bison flex libssl-dev libelf-dev #在pacman中build-essential包被称为base-devel，libncurses-dev被称为ncurses，libssl-dev被称为openssl，libelf-dev被成为libelf
make defconfig 
make -j$(nproc) 
sudo pacman -S qemu 
qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage

使用pacman安装build-essential、libncurses-dev、libssl-dev、libelf-dev时会发现找不到这些包，发现这些包在pacman中包名与apt中不同。

上述命令执行完成后，mykernel就在QEMU中运行起来了，可以看到 my_start_kernel 在执行，同时 my_timer_handler 时钟中断处理程序周期性执行。

打开linux-5.4.34/mykernel目录中 mymain.c 和 myinterrupt.c文件：

mymain.c：

/*
 * Called by timer interrupt.
 */
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
	pr_notice("\n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>my_timer_handler here<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<\n\n");
}

myinterrupt.c：

void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
    int i = 0;
    while(1)
    {
        i++;
        if(i%100000 == 0)
            pr_notice("my_start_kernel here  %d \n",i);
            
    }
}

可以看到mymain.c中的代码在不断执行，并且myinterrupt.c周期性被时钟中断触发。

2 编写一个操作系统内核

编写 mypcb.h 头文件如下：

/*
 *  linux/mykernel/mypcb.h
 *
 *  Kernel internal PCB types
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2013  Mengning
 *
 */

#define MAX_TASK_NUM        4
#define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE   1024*2
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread {
    unsigned long        ip;
    unsigned long        sp;
};

typedef struct PCB{
    int pid;
    volatile long state;    /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    unsigned long stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
    /* CPU-specific state of this task */
    struct Thread thread;
    unsigned long    task_entry;
    struct PCB *next;
}tPCB;

void my_schedule(void);

编写 mymain.c 文件如下：

/*
 *  linux/mykernel/mymain.c
 *
 *  Kernel internal my_start_kernel
 *  Change IA32 to x86-64 arch, 2020/4/26
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2013, 2020  Mengning
 *  
 */
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>


#include "mypcb.h"

tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
volatile int my_need_sched = 0;

void my_process(void);


void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
    int pid = 0;
    int i;
    /* Initialize process 0*/
    task[pid].pid = pid;
    task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
    task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
    task[pid].next = &task[pid];
    /*fork more process */
    for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
    {
        memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
        task[i].pid = i;
        task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]);
        task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
        task[i-1].next = &task[i];
    }
    /* start process 0 by task[0] */
    pid = 0;
    my_current_task = &task[pid];
    asm volatile(
        "movq %1,%%rsp\n\t"     /* set task[pid].thread.sp to rsp */
        "pushq %1\n\t"             /* push rbp */
        "pushq %0\n\t"             /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
        "ret\n\t"                 /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to rip */
        : 
        : "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp)    /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
    );
} 

int i = 0;

void my_process(void)
{    
    while(1)
    {
        i++;
        if(i%10000000 == 0)
        {
            printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
            if(my_need_sched == 1)
            {
                my_need_sched = 0;
                my_schedule();
            }
            printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
        }     
    }
}

编写 myinterrupt.c 文件如下：

/*
 *  linux/mykernel/myinterrupt.c
 *
 *  Kernel internal my_timer_handler
 *  Change IA32 to x86-64 arch, 2020/4/26
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2013, 2020  Mengning
 *
 */
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>

#include "mypcb.h"

extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
extern tPCB * my_current_task;
extern volatile int my_need_sched;
volatile int time_count = 0;

/*
 * Called by timer interrupt.
 * it runs in the name of current running process,
 * so it use kernel stack of current running process
 */
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
    if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
    {
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
        my_need_sched = 1;
    } 
    time_count ++ ;  
    return;      
}

void my_schedule(void)
{
    tPCB * next;
    tPCB * prev;

    if(my_current_task == NULL 
        || my_current_task->next == NULL)
    {
        return;
    }
    printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
    /* schedule */
    next = my_current_task->next;
    prev = my_current_task;
    if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    {        
        my_current_task = next; 
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);  
        /* switch to next process */
        asm volatile(    
            "pushq %%rbp\n\t"         /* save rbp of prev */
            "movq %%rsp,%0\n\t"     /* save rsp of prev */
            "movq %2,%%rsp\n\t"     /* restore  rsp of next */
            "movq $1f,%1\n\t"       /* save rip of prev */    
            "pushq %3\n\t" 
            "ret\n\t"                 /* restore  rip of next */
            "1:\t"                  /* next process start here */
            "popq %%rbp\n\t"
            : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
            : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
        ); 
    }  
    return;    
}

重新编译后，运行结果如下：

3 简要分析操作系统内核核心功能及运行工作机制

进程上下文切换的关键代码如下：

   	printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);  
    	/* switch to next process */
    	asm volatile(	
        	"pushq %%rbp\n\t" 	    /* save rbp of prev */
        	"movq %%rsp,%0\n\t" 	/* save rsp of prev */
        	"movq %2,%%rsp\n\t"     /* restore  rsp of next */
        	"movq $1f,%1\n\t"       /* save rip of prev */	
        	"pushq %3\n\t" 
        	"ret\n\t" 	            /* restore  rip of next */
        	"1:\t"                  /* next process start here */
        	"popq %%rbp\n\t"
        	: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
        	: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
    	);