面向对象进阶
一、isinstance和issubclass
isinstance(obj,cls)检查是否obj是否是类 cls 的对象
class Foo(object): pass obj = Foo() isinstance(obj, Foo)
issubclass(sub, super)检查sub类是否是 super 类的派生类
class Foo(object): pass class Bar(Foo): pass issubclass(Bar, Foo)
二、反射
1 什么是反射
反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的,主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力(自省)。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。
2 python面向对象中的反射:通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象(都可以使用反射)
四个可以实现自省的函数
下列方法适用于类和对象(一切皆对象,类本身也是一个对象)
hasattr(obj,xxx)方法:检测obj是否含有(xxx)属性 返回bool值
ret=getattr(obj,xxx)方法:获取xxx属性,没有则返回None(也可以设置默认值)
class Foo: f = '类的静态变量' def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def say_hi(self): print('hi,%s'%self.name) obj=Foo('egon',73) #检测是否含有某属性 print(hasattr(obj,'name')) print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi')) #获取属性 n=getattr(obj,'name') print(n) func=getattr(obj,'say_hi') func() print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #报错
setattr(obj,key,value)方法:给对象增加新属性或者修改原有的属性
delattr(obj,xxx)方法:删除属性
class Foo: f = '类的静态变量' def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def say_hi(self): print('hi,%s'%self.name) obj=Foo('egon',73) # #设置属性 setattr(obj,'sb',True) setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb') setattr(obj,'name','haha') print(obj.__dict__) print(obj.show_name(obj)) print(obj.name) # #删除属性 delattr(obj,'age') delattr(obj,'show_name') delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错 print(obj.__dict__)
3反射的应用
类也是对象
class Foo(object): staticField = "old boy" def __init__(self): self.name = 'wupeiqi' def func(self): return 'func' @staticmethod def bar(): return 'bar' print getattr(Foo, 'staticField') print getattr(Foo, 'func') print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
反射当前模块成员
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import sys def s1(): print 's1' def s2(): print 's2' this_module = sys.modules[__name__] hasattr(this_module, 's1') getattr(this_module, 's2')
导入其他模块,利用反射查找该模块是否存在某个方法
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- def test(): print('from the test') 复制代码 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ 程序目录: module_test.py index.py 当前文件: index.py """ import module_test as obj #obj.test() print(hasattr(obj,'test')) getattr(obj,'test')()
三、魔法方法
1、__str__和__repr__
改变对象的字符串显示__str__,__repr__
自定制格式化字符串__format__
#_*_coding:utf-8_*_ format_dict={ 'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型 'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址 'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名 } class School: def __init__(self,name,addr,type): self.name=name self.addr=addr self.type=type def __repr__(self): return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr) def __str__(self): return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr) def __format__(self, format_spec): # if format_spec if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict: format_spec='nat' fmt=format_dict[format_spec] return fmt.format(obj=self) s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立') print('from repr: ',repr(s1)) print('from str: ',str(s1)) print(s1) ''' str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__() repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__() 如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出 注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常 ''' print(format(s1,'nat')) print(format(s1,'tna')) print(format(s1,'tan')) print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))
class B: def __str__(self): return 'str : class B' def __repr__(self): return 'repr : class B' b=B() print('%s'%b) print('%r'%b)
2、 __new__、__init__、__del__
class Animal(object): def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):#覆盖了基类object的__new__方法 print("this is 构造方法") addr=super().__new__(cls) #必须调用父类开辟空间的方法(操作底层硬件) 默认传参 cls(当前类名) print("addr",addr) return addr def __init__(self,name,age):#覆盖了基类object的__init__方法 print("self",self) print("this is 初始化方法") self.name=name self.age=age def __del__(self): #覆盖了基类object的__del__方法 print("i am 析构方法!") alex=Animal("alex",34) ''' alex=Animal("alex",34) 类实例化过程: 1 __new__方法获得空间地址(实例对象创建第一步必须创建空间) 2 将空间地址作为第一个位置参数传给__init__ ,完成实例空间赋值属性的过程 self变量等于addr变量 存储地址空间指针 3 空间地址失去了实例对象的指向(或者程序结束) 会调用__del__ '''
class Config(object): _instance=None def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not cls._instance: cls._instance=super().__new__(cls) return cls._instance file_path="" data="mysql" app=["app01","app02"] cf=Config() cf2=Config() print(id(cf)) print(id(cf2)) print(cf == cf2)
# python 垃圾回收机制: 任何对象在执行过程中失去了指引,则被回收 class Animal(object): def __del__(self): print("i am 析构方法!") a=Animal() del a import time time.sleep(10) class FileHanlde(object): path="......." def __init__(self): self.f=open(self.path,"r") def read(self): return self.f.read() def __del__(self): self.f.close() fh=FileHanlde() fh.read()
3、item系列:__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__
class Animal(object): def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def __getitem__(self,item): print('item',item) return getattr(self,item,None) #getattr判断item属不属于self 属于就返回 不属于就返回None def __setitem__(self, key, value):#可以应用于数据库插入一条数据(写一个功能) print(key) print(value) def __delitem__(self, key): print("del item",key) alex=Animal("alex",45) # print(alex.name) # alex.name="xxxx" # print(alex.name) print(alex["name"]) # alex.name alex['xxx'] print 得到数据会调用 __getitem__ print(alex["age"]) # alex.age print(alex['gender']) print(alex.__dict__) alex["gender"]="male" #会调用__setitem__ 可以应用于数据库插入一条数据 alex['age'] = 55 print(alex.__dict__) del alex["xxx"] #会调用__delitem__ # info={"name":"alex","age":"123"} # info["gneder"]="male"
class Foo: def __init__(self,name,addr): self.name=name self.addr=addr def __getitem__(self, item): print(self.__dict__[item]) def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.__dict__[key]=value def __delitem__(self, key): print('del obj[key]时,我执行') self.__dict__.pop(key) def __delattr__(self, item): print('del obj.key时,我执行') self.__dict__.pop(item) f1=Foo('sb','haxi') f1['age']=18 f1['age1']=19 print(f1.__dict__) del f1.age1 del f1['age'] del f1['addr'] print(f1.__dict__) f1['name']='alex' print(f1.__dict__)
4、__getattr__、__setattr__
class Animal(object): def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def __getattr__(self, item): print("getattr",item) return "对象没有%s属性!"%item def __setattr__(self, key, value): print("空间地址%s为%s属性赋值%s"%(self,key,value)) super().__setattr__(key, value) alex=Animal("alex",56) #实例化过程中__init__回去调用__setattr__ print(alex.gender) alex.name="李杰" print(alex.name)
5、__call__
对象后面加括号,触发执行。
注:构造方法的执行是由创建对象触发的,即:对象 = 类名() ;而对于 __call__ 方法的执行是由对象后加括号触发的,即:对象() 或者 类()()
class Animal(object): def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def run(self): pass def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print(" i am call 方法!") alex=Animal("alex",12) print(callable(Animal)) print(callable(Animal.run)) print(callable(alex.run)) print(callable(alex)) # False alex()
__len__
class A: def __init__(self): self.a = 1 self.b = 2 def __len__(self): return len(self.__dict__) a = A() print(len(a))
__hash__
class A: def __init__(self): self.a = 1 self.b = 2 def __hash__(self): return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b)) a = A() print(hash(a))
__eq__
class A: def __init__(self): self.a = 1 self.b = 2 def __eq__(self,obj): if self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b: return True a = A() b = A() print(a == b)
class FranchDeck: ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA') suits = ['红心','方板','梅花','黑桃'] def __init__(self): self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks for suit in FranchDeck.suits] def __len__(self): return len(self._cards) def __getitem__(self, item): return self._cards[item] deck = FranchDeck() print(deck[0]) from random import choice print(choice(deck)) print(choice(deck))
class FranchDeck: ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA') suits = ['红心','方板','梅花','黑桃'] def __init__(self): self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks for suit in FranchDeck.suits] def __len__(self): return len(self._cards) def __getitem__(self, item): return self._cards[item] def __setitem__(self, key, value): self._cards[key] = value deck = FranchDeck() print(deck[0]) from random import choice print(choice(deck)) print(choice(deck)) from random import shuffle shuffle(deck) print(deck[:5])
class Person: def __init__(self,name,age,sex): self.name = name self.age = age self.sex = sex def __hash__(self): return hash(self.name+self.sex) def __eq__(self, other): if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True p_lst = [] for i in range(84): p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male')) print(p_lst) print(set(p_lst))