文件处理
1.x模式(控制文件操作的模式)-》了解
x, 只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建,存在则报错】
with open('a.txt',mode='x',encoding='utf-8') as f:
pass
with open('c.txt',mode='x',encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.read()
with open('d.txt',mode='x',encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write('哈哈哈\n')
2.b模式
控制文件读写内容的模式
t:
1、读写都是以字符串(unicode)为单位
2、只能针对文本文件
3、必须指定字符编码,即必须指定encoding参数
b:binary模式
1、读写都是以bytes为单位
2、可以针对所有文件
3、一定不能指定字符编码,即一定不能指定encoding参数
总结:
1、在操作纯文本文件方面t模式帮我们省去了编码与解码的环节,b模式则需要手动编码与解码,所以此时t模式更为方便
2、针对非文本文件(如图片、视频、音频等)只能使用b模式
错误演示:t模式只能读文本文件
with open(r'爱nmlgb的爱情.mp4',mode='rt') as f:
f.read() # 硬盘的二进制读入内存-》t模式会将读入内存的内容进行decode解码操作
#
with open(r'test.jpg',mode='rb',encoding='utf-8') as f:
res=f.read() # 硬盘的二进制读入内存—>b模式下,不做任何转换,直接读入内存
print(res) # bytes类型—》当成二进制
print(type(res))
with open(r'd.txt',mode='rb') as f:
res=f.read() # utf-8的二进制
print(res,type(res))
print(res.decode('utf-8'))
with open(r'd.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
res=f.read() # utf-8的二进制->unicode
print(res)
with open(r'e.txt',mode='wb') as f:
f.write('你好hello'.encode('gbk'))
with open(r'f.txt',mode='wb') as f:
f.write('你好hello'.encode('utf-8'))
f.write('哈哈哈'.encode('gbk'))
# 文件拷贝工具
src_file=input('源文件路径>>: ').strip()
dst_file=input('源文件路径>>: ').strip()
with open(r'{}'.format(src_file),mode='rb') as f1,\
open(r'{}'.format(dst_file),mode='wb') as f2:
# res=f1.read() # 内存占用过大
# f2.write(res)
for line in f1:
f2.write(line)
循环读取文件
方式一:自己控制每次读取的数据的数据量
with open(r'test.jpg',mode='rb') as f:
while True:
res=f.read(1024) # 1024
if len(res) == 0:
break
print(len(res))
方式二:以行为单位读,当一行内容过长时会导致一次性读入内容的数据量过大
with open(r'g.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
for line in f:
print(len(line),line)
with open(r'g.txt',mode='rb') as f:
for line in f:
print(line)
with open(r'test.jpg',mode='rb') as f:
for line in f:
print(line)
3.文件操作的其他方法
一:读相关操作
1、readline:一次读一行
with open(r'g.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
# res1=f.readline()
# res2=f.readline()
# print(res2)
while True:
line=f.readline()
if len(line) == 0:
break
print(line)
2、readlines:
with open(r'g.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
res=f.readlines()
print(res)
强调:
f.read()与f.readlines()都是将内容一次性读入内存,如果内容过大会导致内存溢出,若还想将内容全读入内存,
二:写相关操作
f.writelines():
with open('h.txt',mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
# f.write('1111\n222\n3333\n')
# l=['11111\n','2222','3333',4444]
l=['11111\n','2222','3333']
# for line in l:
# f.write(line)
f.writelines(l)
with open('h.txt', mode='wb') as f:
# l = [
# '1111aaa1\n'.encode('utf-8'),
# '222bb2'.encode('utf-8'),
# '33eee33'.encode('utf-8')
# ]
# 补充1:如果是纯英文字符,可以直接加前缀b得到bytes类型
# l = [
# b'1111aaa1\n',
# b'222bb2',
# b'33eee33'
# ]
# 补充2:'上'.encode('utf-8') 等同于bytes('上',encoding='utf-8')
l = [
bytes('上啊',encoding='utf-8'),
bytes('冲呀',encoding='utf-8'),
bytes('小垃圾们',encoding='utf-8'),
]
f.writelines(l)
3、flush:
with open('h.txt', mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write('哈')
# f.flush()
4、了解
with open('h.txt', mode='wt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
print(f.readable())
print(f.writable())
print(f.encoding)
print(f.name)
print(f.closed)
4.文件的高级操作,控制指针的移动
指针移动的单位都是以bytes/字节为单位
只有一种情况特殊:
t模式下的read(n),n代表的是字符个数
with open('aaa.txt',mode='rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
res=f.read(4)
print(res)
f.seek(n,模式):n指的是移动的字节个数
模式:
模式0:参照物是文件开头位置
f.seek(9,0)
f.seek(3,0) # 3
模式1:参照物是当前指针所在位置
f.seek(9,1)
f.seek(3,1) # 12
模式2:参照物是文件末尾位置,应该倒着移动
f.seek(-9,2) # 3
f.seek(-3,2) # 9
强调:只有0模式可以在t下使用,1、2必须在b模式下用
f.tell() # 获取文件指针当前位置
示范
with open('aaa.txt',mode='rb') as f:
f.seek(9,0)
f.seek(3,0) # 3
# print(f.tell())
f.seek(4,0)
res=f.read()
print(res.decode('utf-8'))
with open('aaa.txt',mode='rb') as f:
f.seek(9,1)
f.seek(3,1) # 12
print(f.tell())
with open('aaa.txt',mode='rb') as f:
f.seek(-9,2)
# print(f.tell())
f.seek(-3,2)
# print(f.tell())
print(f.read().decode('utf-8'))