Redis详细介绍

转自:http://blog.csdn.net/eroswang/article/details/7080412

 

1.介绍

1.1 Redis是什么

REmote DIctionary Server(Redis) 是一个由Salvatore Sanfilippo写的key-value存储系统。Redis提供了一些丰富的数据结构,包括 lists, sets, ordered sets 以及 hashes ,当然还有和Memcached一样的 strings结构.Redis当然还包括了对这些数据结构的丰富操作。

1.2 Redis的优点

  • 性能极高 – Redis能支持超过 100K+ 每秒的读写频率。
  • 丰富的数据类型 – Redis支持二进制案例的 Strings, Lists, Hashes, Sets 及 Ordered Sets 数据类型操作。
  • 原子 – Redis的所有操作都是原子性的,同时Redis还支持对几个操作全并后的原子性执行。
  • 丰富的特性 – Redis还支持 publish/subscribe, 通知, key 过期等等特性。

2.数据类型

2.1 String类型

Redis能存储二进制安全的字符串,最大长度为1GB

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"John Doe"

String类型还支持批量的读写操作

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MSET age 30 sex "male"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MGET age sex
1) "30"
2) "male"

String类型其实也可以用来存储数字,并支持对数字的加减操作。

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR age
(integer) 31
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCRBY age 4
(integer) 35
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET age
"35"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DECR age
(integer) 34
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DECRBY age 4
(integer) 30
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET age
"30"

String类型还支持对其部分的修改和获取操作

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> APPEND name " Mr."
(integer) 12
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"John Doe Mr."
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> STRLEN name
(integer) 12
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSTR name 0 3
"John"

2.2 List类型

Redis能够将数据存储成一个链表,并能对这个链表进行丰富的操作

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "John Doe"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "Captain Kirk"
(integer) 2
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "Sheldon Cooper"
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 2
1) "Sheldon Cooper"
2) "Captain Kirk"
3) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPOP students
"Sheldon Cooper"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 2
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 1
1) "Captain Kirk"
2) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LREM students 1 "John Doe"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 0
1) "Captain Kirk"

Redis也支持很多修改操作

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LINSERT students BEFORE "Captain Kirk" "Dexter Morgan"
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 2
1) "Dexter Morgan"
2) "Captain Kirk"
3) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "Peter Parker"
(integer) 4
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 3
1) "Peter Parker"
2) "Dexter Morgan"
3) "Captain Kirk"
4) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LTRIM students 1 3
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 2
1) "Dexter Morgan"
2) "Captain Kirk"
3) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LREM students 1 "John Doe"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 1
1) "Captain Kirk"

2.3 集合(Sets)类型

Redis能够将一系列不重复的值存储成一个集合

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD birds crow
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD birds pigeon
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD birds bat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals dog
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals cat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals bat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS birds
1) "bat"
2) "crow"
3) "pigeon"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS mammals
1) "bat"
2) "cat"
3) "dog"

Sets结构也支持相应的修改操作

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SREM mammals cat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS mammals
1) "bat"
2) "dog"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals human
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS mammals
1) "bat"
2) "human"
3) "dog"

Redis还支持对集合的子交并补等操作

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SINTER birds mammals
1) "bat"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUNION birds mammals
1) "crow"
2) "bat"
3) "human"
4) "pigeon"
5) "dog"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SDIFF birds mammals
1) "crow"
2) "pigeon"

2.4 有序集合(Sorted Sets)类型

Sorted Sets和Sets结构相似,不同的是存在Sorted Sets中的数据会有一个score属性,并会在写入时就按这个score排好序。

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 0 mon
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 1 tue
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 2 wed
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 3 thu
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 4 fri
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 5 sat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 6 sun
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZCARD days
(integer) 7
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZRANGE days 0 6
1) "mon"
2) "tue"
3) "wed"
4) "thu"
5) "fri"
6) "sat"
7) "sun"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZSCORE days sat
"5"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZCOUNT days 3 6
(integer) 4
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZRANGEBYSCORE days 3 6
1) "thu"
2) "fri"
3) "sat"
4) "sun"

2.5 Hash类型

Redis能够存储key对多个属性的数据(比如user1.uname user1.passwd)

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HKEYS student
1) "name"
2) "age"
3) "sex"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HVALS student
1) "Ganesh"
2) "30"
3) "Male"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HGETALL student
1) "name"
2) "Ganesh"
3) "age"
4) "30"
5) "sex"
6) "Male"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HDEL student sex
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HGETALL student
1) "name"
2) "Ganesh"
3) "age"
4) "30"

Hash数据结构能够批量修改和获取

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HMSET kid name Akshi age 2 sex Female
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HMGET kid name age sex
1) "Akshi"
2) "2"
3) "Female"

3.Publish/Subscribe

Redis支持这样一种特性,你可以将数据推到某个信息管道中,然后其它人可以通过订阅这些管道来获取推送过来的信息。

3.1 订阅信息管道

用一个客户端订阅管道

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSCRIBE channelone
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "subscribe"
2) "channelone"
3) (integer) 1

另一个客户端往这个管道推送信息

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channelone hello
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channelone world
(integer) 1

然后第一个客户端就能获取到推送的信息

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSCRIBE channelone
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "subscribe"
2) "channelone"
3) (integer) 1
1) "message"
2) "channelone"
3) "hello"
1) "message"
2) "channelone"
3) "world"

3.2 按一定模式批量订阅

用下面的命令订阅所有channel开头的信息通道

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PSUBSCRIBE channel*
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "psubscribe"
2) "channel*"
3) (integer) 1

在另一个客户端对两个推送信息

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channelone hello
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channeltwo world
(integer) 1

然后在第一个客户端就能收到推送的信息

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PSUBSCRIBE channel*
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "psubscribe"
2) "channel*"
3) (integer) 1
1) "pmessage"
2) "channel*"
3) "channelone"
4) "hello"
1) "pmessage"
2) "channel*"
3) "channeltwo"
4) "world"

4.数据过期设置

Redis支持按key设置过期时间,过期后值将被删除(在客户端看来是补删除了的)

用TTL命令可以获取某个key值的过期时间(-1表示永不过期)

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> TTL name
(integer) -1

下面命令先用EXISTS命令查看key值是否存在,然后设置了5秒的过期时间

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXISTS name
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXPIRE name 5
(integer) 1

5秒后再查看

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXISTS name
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
(nil)

这个值已经没有了。

上在是直接设置多少秒后过期,你也可以设置在某个时间点过期,下面例子是设置2011-09-24 00:40:00过期。

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXPIREAT name 1316805000
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXISTS name
(integer) 0

5.事务性

Redis本身支持一些简单的组合型的命令,比如以NX结尾命令都是判断在这个值没有时才进行某个命令。

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SETNX name "Dexter Morgan"
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GETSET name "Dexter Morgan"
"John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"Dexter Morgan"

当然,Redis还支持自定义的命令组合,通过MULTI和EXEC,将几个命令组合起来执行

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET counter 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR counter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR counter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR counter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
1) (integer) 1
2) (integer) 2
3) (integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET counter
"3"

你还可以用DICARD命令来中断执行中的命令序列

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET newcounter 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR newcounter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR newcounter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR newcounter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DISCARD
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET newcounter
"0"

6.持久化

Redis的所有数据都存储在内存中,但是他也提供对这些数据的持久化。

6.1 数据快照

数据快照的原理是将整个Redis中存的所有数据遍历一遍存到一个扩展名为rdb的数据文件中。通过SAVE命令可以调用这个过程。

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SAVE
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "Sheldon Cooper"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> BGSAVE
Background saving started

如果你是使用的brew在Mac OSX上安全的Redis,那么rdb文件会存在如下路径

/usr/local/var/db/redis/dump.rdb

6.2 Append-Only File(追加式的操作日志记录)

Redis还支持一种追加式的操作日志记录,叫append only file,其日志文件以aof结局,我们一般各为aof文件。要开启aof日志的记录,你需要在配置文件中进行如下设置:

appendonly yes

这时候你所有的操作都会记录在aof日志文件中

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
(nil)
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "Ganesh Gunasegaran"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXIT

→ cat /usr/local/var/db/redis/appendonly.aof
*2
$6
SELECT
$1
0
*3
$3
SET
$4
name
$18
Ganesh Gunasegaran

7.管理命令

Redis支持多个DB,默认是16个,你可以设置将数据存在哪一个DB中,不同DB间的数据具有隔离性。也可以在多个DB间移动数据。

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> GET name
(nil)
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> SELECT 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MOVE name 1
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> GET name
"John Doe"

Redis还能进行一些如下操作,获取一些运行信息

redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> INFO
redis_version:2.2.13
redis_git_sha1:00000000
redis_git_dirty:0
arch_bits:64
multiplexing_api:kqueue
......

Redis还支持对某个DB数据进行清除(当然清空所有数据的操作也是支持的)

redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> SET name "Sheldon Cooper"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> SELECT 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> FLUSHDB
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DBSIZE
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> FLUSHALL
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 0

8.客户端

Redis的客户端很丰富,几乎所有流行的语言都有其客户端,这里就不再赘述,有兴趣的同学可以上Redis的Clients页面去查找。

9.资料引用

posted @ 2016-01-08 15:06  林锅  阅读(239)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报