模块

time & datetime模块

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
import time
import datetime
 
print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃
print(time.process_time()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃
print(time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳
print(time.ctime()) #输出Tue Jan 26 18:23:48 2016 ,当前系统时间
print(time.ctime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转为字符串格式
print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式
print(time.localtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式,但返回 的本地时间
print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反,将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式
#time.sleep(4) #sleep
print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式
print(time.strptime("2016-01-28","%Y-%m-%d") ) #将字符串格式转换成struct_time格式
 
#datetime module
 
print(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-01-26
print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()-864400) ) #2016-01-16 将时间戳转成日期格式
current_time = datetime.datetime.now() #
print(current_time) #输出2016-01-26 19:04:30.335935
print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式
 
#datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]])
print(current_time.replace(2014,9,12)) #输出2014-09-12 19:06:24.074900,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换
 
str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时
new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120s
print(new_date)

 可以参考官网网址 https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html?highlight=os#module-os

sys模块

sys.argv           命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n)        退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint         最大的Int值
sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

logging模块

很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。

 

最简单用法

import logging
 
logging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")
logging.critical("server is down")
 
#输出
WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times
CRITICAL:root:server is down

　　看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思

Level	When it’s used
DEBUG	Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems.
INFO	Confirmation that things are working as expected.
WARNING	An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected.
ERROR	Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function.
CRITICAL	A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running.

如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单

import logging
 
logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)
logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')
logging.info('So should this')
logging.warning('And this, too')

　　其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。

logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)

　　感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!

import logging
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')
logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')
 
#输出
12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged.

　　

如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里，就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了

The logging library takes a modular approach and offers several categories of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters.

• Loggers expose the interface that application code directly uses.
• Handlers send the log records (created by loggers) to the appropriate destination.
• Filters provide a finer grained facility for determining which log records to output.
• Formatters specify the layout of log records in the final output.

import logging
 
#create logger
logger = logging.getLogger('TEST-LOG')
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
 
# create console handler and set level to debug
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
# create file handler and set level to warning
fh = logging.FileHandler("access.log")
fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
# create formatter
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
 
# add formatter to ch and fh
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
 
# add ch and fh to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
logger.addHandler(fh)
 
# 'application' code
logger.debug('debug message')
logger.info('info message')
logger.warn('warn message')
logger.error('error message')
logger.critical('critical message')