转载:http://www.it300.com/index.php/article-15266.html
关于MySQL-HA,目前有多种解决方案,比如heartbeat、drbd、mmm、共享存储,但是它们各有优缺点。heartbeat、drbd配置较为复杂,需要自己写脚本才能实现MySQL自动切换,对于不会脚本语言的人来说,这无疑是一种脑裂问题;对于mmm,生产环境中很少有人用,且mmm管理端需要单独运行一台服务器上,要是想实现高可用,就得对mmm管理端做HA,这样无疑又增加了硬件开支;对于共享存储,个人觉得MySQL数据还是放在本地较为安全,存储设备毕竟存在单点隐患。
使用MySQL双master+keepalived是一种非常好的解决方案,在MySQL-HA环境 中,MySQL互为主从关系,这样就保证了两台MySQL数据的一致性,然后用keepalived实现虚拟IP,通过keepalived自带的服务监 控功能来实现MySQL故障时自动切换。
下面,我把即将上线的一个生产环境中的架构与大家分享一下,看一下这个架构中,MySQL-HA是如何实现的,环境拓扑如下:
1 |
MySQL -VIP :192.168.1.200 |
2 |
MySQL-master1:192.168.1.201 |
3 |
MySQL-master2:192.168.1.202 |
一、MySQL master-master配置
1、修改MySQL配置文件
两台MySQL均如要开启binlog日志功能,开启方法:在MySQL配置文件[MySQLd]段中加上log-bin=MySQL-bin选项
两台MySQL的server-ID不能一样,默认情况下两台MySQL的serverID都是1,需将其中一台修改为2即可
Master1配置:
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log -bin =mysql -bin //开启binlog日志功能 |
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log =/usr/local/mysql/var/mysql.log //会打印mysql的所以sql语句 |
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binlog -do -db = test //需要同步的库名称 |
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auto -increment -increment = 2 |
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auto -increment -offset = 2<span style= "font-family:Simsun;" ><span style= "white-space:normal;" > </span></span> |
Master2配置:
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log -bin =mysql -bin //开启binlog日志功能 |
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log =/usr/local/mysql/var/mysql.log //会打印mysql的所以sql语句 |
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binlog -do -db = test //需要同步的库名称 |
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auto -increment -increment = 2 |
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auto -increment -offset = 2 |
2、将192.168.1.201设为192.168.1.202的主服务器
在192.168.1.201上新建授权用户
01 |
MySQL> grant replication slave on *.* to 'replication' @ '%' identified by 'replication' ; |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
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MySQL> show master status; |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |
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| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |
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| MySQL -bin .000003 | 374 | | | |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |
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1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
在192.168.1.202上将192.168.1.201设为自己的主服务器
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MySQL> change master to master_host= '192.168.1.201' ,master_user= 'replication' ,master_password= 'replication' ,master_log_file= 'MySQL-bin.000003' ,master_log_pos=374; |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
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MySQL> show slave status\G |
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*************************** 1. row *************************** |
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Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event |
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Master_Host: 192.168.1.201 |
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Master_User: replication |
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Master_Log_File: MySQL -bin .000003 |
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Read_Master_Log_Pos: 374 |
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Relay_Log_File: MySQL-master2 -relay -bin .000002 |
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Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL -bin .000003 |
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Slave_SQL_Running: Yes |
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Replicate_Ignore_Table: |
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Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: |
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Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: |
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Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 374 |
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Master_SSL_Allowed: No |
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Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 |
42 |
1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
3、将192.168.1.202设为192.168.1.201的主服务器
在192.168.1.202上新建授权用户
01 |
MySQL> grant replication slave on *.* to 'replication' @ '%' identified by 'replication' ; |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
04 |
MySQL> show master status; |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |
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| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |
08 |
| MySQL -bin .000003 | 374 | | | |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |
10 |
1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
在192.168.1.201上,将192.168.1.202设为自己的主服务器
01 |
MySQL> change master to master_host= '192.168.1.202' ,master_user= 'replication' ,master_password= 'replication' ,master_log_file= 'MySQL-bin.000003' ,master_log_pos=374; |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
07 |
MySQL> show slave status\G |
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*************************** 1. row *************************** |
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Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event |
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Master_Host: 192.168.1.202 |
11 |
Master_User: replication |
14 |
Master_Log_File: MySQL -bin .000003 |
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Read_Master_Log_Pos: 374 |
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Relay_Log_File: MySQL-master1 -relay -bin .000002 |
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Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL -bin .000003 |
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Slave_SQL_Running: Yes |
24 |
Replicate_Ignore_Table: |
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Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: |
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Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: |
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Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 374 |
35 |
Master_SSL_Allowed: No |
41 |
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 |
42 |
1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
4、MySQL同步测试
如上述均正确配置,现在任何一台MySQL上更新数据都会同步到另一台MySQL,MySQL同步在此不再演示
二、keepalived安装及配置
1、192.168.1.201服务器上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
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cp /usr/local/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/ |
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chmod +x /etc/init.d/keepalived |
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chkconfig - -add keepalived |
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chkconfig keepalived on |
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ln -s /usr/local/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin/ |
配置keepalived
我们自己在新建一个配置文件,默认情况下keepalived启动时会去/etc/keepalived目录下找配置文件
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notification_email_from haohailuo@163.com |
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smtp_connect_timeout 30 |
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virtual_server 192.168.1.200 3306 { |
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persistence_timeout 60 |
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real_server 192.168.1.201 3306 { |
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notify_down /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh |
编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
注:此脚本是上面配置文件notify_down选项所用到的,keepalived使用notify_down选项来检查real_server 的服务状态,当发现real_server服务故障时,便触发此脚本;我们可以看到,脚本就一个命令,通过pkill keepalived强制杀死keepalived进程,从而实现了MySQL故障自动转移。另外,我们不用担心两个MySQL会同时提供数据更新操作, 因为每台MySQL上的keepalived的配置里面只有本机MySQL的IP+VIP,而不是两台MySQL的IP+VIP
启动keepalived
测试
找一台局域网PC,然后去ping MySQL的VIP,这时候MySQL的VIP是可以ping的通的
停止MySQL服务,看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
2、192.168.1.202上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived,安装方法参照192.168.1.201的安装方法
配置keepalived
这台配置和上面基本一样,但有三个地方不同:优先级为90、无抢占设置、real_server为本机IP
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notification_email_from haohailuo@163.com |
08 |
smtp_connect_timeout 30 |
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virtual_server 192.168.1.200 3306 { |
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persistence_timeout 60 |
33 |
real_server 192.168.1.202 3306 { |
35 |
notify_down /usr/local/MySQL/bin/MySQL.sh |
编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
启动keepalived
测试
停止MySQL服务,看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
三、测试
MySQL远程登录测试
我们找一台安装有MySQL客户端的windows,然后登录VIP,看是否能登录,在登录之两台MySQL服务器都要授权允许从远程登录
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MySQL> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root' @ '%' identified by '123456' ; |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
4 |
MySQL> flush privileges; |
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Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
使用客户端登录VIP测试
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C:\MySQL\bin>MySQL.exe -uroot -p123456 -h192.168.1.200 -P3306 |
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Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. |
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Your MySQL connection id is 224 |
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Server version: 5.0.89 -log Source distribution |
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Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. |
keepalived故障转移测试
※在windows客户端一直去ping VIP,然后关闭192.168.1.201上的keepalived,正常情况下VIP就会切换到192.168.1.202上面去
※开启192.168.1.201上的keepalived,关闭192.168.1.202上的keepalived,看是否能自动切换,正常情况下VIP又会属于192.168.1.201
注:keepalived切换速度还是非常块的,整个切换过程只需1-3秒
● MySQL故障转移测试
※在192.168.1.201上关闭MySQL服务,看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.202上
※开启192.168.1.201上的MySQL和keepalived,然后关闭192.168.1.202上的MySQL,看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.201上
下面是用windows客户端连接的MySQL的VIP,在切换时我执行了一个MySQL查询命令,从执行show databases到显示出结果时间为3-5秒(大家可以看到上面有个错误提示,不过不用担心,因为我们的keepalived切换大概为3秒左右,这3 秒左右VIP是谁都不属于的)
01 |
MySQL> show databases; |
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ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away |
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No connection. Trying to reconnect... |
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Current database: *** NONE *** |
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+--------------------+ |
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+--------------------+ |
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| information_schema | |
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+--------------------+ |
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3 rows in set (9.01 sec) |
后话:世间万事万物,都不具备绝对的完美,就像上面的MySQL-HA一样,keepalived只能做到对3306的健康检查,但是做不到比如像 MySQL复制中的slave-SQL、slave-IO进程的检查。所以要想做到一些细致的健康检查,还得需要借助额外的监控工具,比如nagios, 然后用nagios实现短信、邮件报警,从而能够有效地解决问题。