MySQL表连接及其优化

导读:

在做MySQL数据库的优化工作时,如果只涉及到单表查询,那么95%的慢SQL都只需从索引上入手优化即可,通过添加索引来消除全表扫描或者排序操作,大概率能实现SQL语句执行速度质的飞跃。对于单表的优化操作,相信大部分DBA甚至开发人员都可以完成。

然而,在实际生产中,除了单表操作,更多的是多个表联合起来查询,这样的查询通常是慢SQL的重灾区,查询速度慢,使用服务器资源较多,高CPU,高I/O。本文通过对表连接的表现形式以及内部理论进行探究,以及思考如何优化表连接操作。

  本文基于MySQL 5.7版本进行探究,由于MySQL 8中引入了新的连接方式hash join,本文可能不适用MySQL8版本

 

 

(一)MySQL的七种连接方式介绍

 在MySQL中,常见的表连接方式有4类,共计7种方式:

  • INNER JOIN:inner join是根据表连接条件,求取2个表的数据交集;
  • LEFT JOIN  :left join是根据表连接条件,求取2个表的数据交集再加上左表剩下的数据;此外,还可以使用where过滤条件求左表独有的数据。
  • RIGHT JOIN:right join是根据表连接条件,求取2个表的数据交集再加上右表剩下的数据;此外,还可以使用where过滤条件求右表独有的数据。
  • FULL JOIN:full join是左连接与右连接的并集,MySQL并未提供full join语法,如果要实现full join,需要left join与right join进行求并集,此外还可以使用where查看2个表各自独有的数据。

 通过图形来表现,各种连接形式的求取集合部分如下,蓝色部分代表满足join条件的数据:

 接下来,我们通过例子来理解各种JOIN的含义。

 

首先创建测试数据:

-- 1.创建部门表
-- 部门表记录部门信息,公司共有4个部门:财务(FINANCE)、人力(HR)、销售(SALES)、研发(RD)。
-- 不一定每个部门都有人,例如,公司虽然有研发部,但是没有在编人员
create table dept (deptno int,dname varchar(14),loc varchar(20)); insert into dept values(10,'FINANCE','BEIJING'); insert into dept values(20,'HR','BEIJING'); insert into dept values(30,'SALES','SHANGHAI'); insert into dept values(40,'RD','CHENGDU'); -- 2.创建员工表
-- 员工表记录了员工工号、姓名、部门编号。
-- 不一定每个员工都有部门。例如,外包人员dd就没有部门
create table emp (empno int,ename varchar(14),deptno int); insert into emp values(1,'aa',10); insert into emp values(2,'bb',20); insert into emp values(3,'cc',30); insert into emp values(4,'dd',null); insert into emp values(5,'ee',30); insert into emp values(6,'ff',20);

 ER图如下:

 

 

 (1.1)INNER JOIN

业务场景:查看公司正式员工的详细信息,包括工号、姓名、部门名称。

需求分析:正式员工都有对应部门,使用INNER JOIN,通过部门编号关联部门与员工求交集。

SQL语句:

mysql> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname
from   emp e inner join dept d
on     e.deptno = d.deptno;
+-------+-------+---------+
| empno | ename | dname   |
+-------+-------+---------+
|     1 | aa    | FINANCE |
|     2 | bb    | HR      |
|     3 | cc    | SALES   |
|     5 | ee    | SALES   |
|     6 | ff    | HR      |
+-------+-------+---------+

 

INNER JOIN就是求取2个表的共有数据(交集),我们可以这样来理解表INNER JOIN过程:

  1. 从驱动表按顺序数据,然后到被驱动表中逐行进行比较
  2. 如果条件满足,则取出该行数据(注意取出的是2个表连接之后的数据),如果条件不满足,则丢弃数据,然后继续向下比较,直到遍历完被驱动表的所有行
  3. 一致循环上面2步,知道步骤1的驱动表也遍历结束。

对于上面SQL,其执行过程我们可以使用伪代码来描述:

// 特别注意:2个for循环,哪个表用来做外部循环,哪个表用来做内部循环,是由执行计划决定的,可用explain来查看,通常使用结果集较小的表来做驱动表,
// 本例子中,SQL中顺序为emp,dept,但在执行计划中却是dept,emp。因此内外表顺序需要看MySQL的执行计划

for
(i=1;i<=d.counts;i++) { for (j=1;j<=e.counts;j++>) { if (d[i].key = e[j].key) { return d[i].dname,e[j].empno,e[j].ename; } } }

 

 (1.2)LEFT JOIN

业务场景:查看每一个部门的详细信息,包括工号、姓名、部门名称。

需求分析:既然包含每一个部门,那么可以使用部门表进行LEFT JOIN,通过部门编号关联部门与员工求交集。

SQL语句:

mysql> select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     e.deptno = d.deptno;
+---------+-------+-------+
| dname   | empno | ename |
+---------+-------+-------+
| FINANCE |     1 | aa    |
| HR      |     2 | bb    |
| SALES   |     3 | cc    |
| SALES   |     5 | ee    |
| HR      |     6 | ff    |
| RD      | NULL  | NULL  |
+---------+-------+-------+

LEFT JOIN就是求取2个表的共有数据(交集)再加上左表剩下的数据,也就是左表的数据全部都要,左表的数据只要满足关联条件的。

 

我们可以这样来理解表LEFT JOIN过程:

  1. 从左表按顺序数据,然后到右表中逐行进行比较
  2. 如果条件满足,则取出该行数据(注意取出的是2个表连接之后的数据),如果条件不满足,则丢弃数据,然后继续向下比较,直到遍历完被驱动表的所有行,如果遍历完右表所有的行都没有与左表匹配的数据,则返回左表的行,右表的记录用NULL填充。
  3. 一致循环上面2步,知道步骤1的驱动表也遍历结束。

对于上面SQL,其执行过程我们可以使用伪代码来描述:

/*

关于外连接查询算法描述(https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/nested-join-optimization.html):
通常,对于外部联接操作中第一个内部表的任何嵌套循环,都会引入一个标志,该标志在循环之前关闭并在循环之后检查。当针对外部表中的当前行找到表示内部操作数的表中的匹配项时,将打开该标志。如果在循环周期结束时该标志仍处于关闭状态,则未找到外部表的当前行的匹配项。在这种情况下,该行由NULL内部表的列的值补充 。结果行将传递到输出的最终检查项或下一个嵌套循环,但前提是该行满足所有嵌入式外部联接的联接条件。

*/

for
(i=1;i<=d.counts;i++) { var is_success=false; // 确认d.[i]是否匹配到至少1行数据,默认未匹配到 for (j=1;j<=e.counts;j++>) { if (d[i].key = e[j].key) { return d[i].dname,e[j].empno,e[j].ename; is_success = true; } } if (is_success=false) // 如果左边的表没有匹配到数据,也会将左边表返回,右边表用null代替 { return d[i].key,null,null; } }

 

LEFT JOIN的补充:使用LEFT JOIN来获取左表独有的数据

业务场景:查看哪些部门没有员工

需求分析:要查看没有部门的员工,只需要先查出所有的部门与员工关系数据,然后过滤掉有员工的数据。

 SQL语句:

mysql> select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     d.deptno = e.deptno
where  e.deptno is null;
+-------+-------+-------+
| dname | empno | ename |
+-------+-------+-------+
| RD    | NULL  | NULL  |
+-------+-------+-------+

  使用LEFT JOIN获取2个表的共有数据(交集)再加上左表剩下的数据,然后又把交集去除。

 

(1.3)RIGHT JOIN

业务场景:查看每一个员工的详细信息,包括工号、姓名、部门名称。

需求分析:既然包含每一个员工,那么可以使用部门表进行LEFT JOIN,通过部门编号关联部门与员工求交集。

SQL语句:

mysql> select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d right join emp e
on     e.deptno = d.deptno;
+---------+-------+-------+
| dname   | empno | ename |
+---------+-------+-------+
| FINANCE |     1 | aa    |
| HR      |     2 | bb    |
| HR      |     6 | ff    |
| SALES   |     3 | cc    |
| SALES   |     5 | ee    |
| NULL    |     4 | dd    |
+---------+-------+-------+

 

需要注意的是,右连接和左连接是可以相互转换的,即右连接的语句,通过调换表位置并修改连接关键字为左连接,即可实现等价转换。上面的SQL的等价左连接为:

mysql> select  d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   emp e left join dept d
on     e.deptno = d.deptno;
+---------+-------+-------+
| dname   | empno | ename |
+---------+-------+-------+
| FINANCE |     1 | aa    |
| HR      |     2 | bb    |
| HR      |     6 | ff    |
| SALES   |     3 | cc    |
| SALES   |     5 | ee    |
| NULL    |     4 | dd    |
+---------+-------+-------+

 实际上,MySQL在解析SQL阶段,会自动将右外连接转换等效的左外连接(文档:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/outer-join-simplification.html),所以我们也无需深入的去了解右连接。

 

(1.4)FULL JOIN

业务场景:查看所有部门及其所有员工的详细信息,包括工号、姓名、部门名称。

需求分析:既然包含每一个部门及所有员工,那么可以使用全连接获取数据。然而,MySQL并没有关键字去获取全连接的数据,我们可以通过合并左连接

 

 SQL语句:

mysql> select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     e.deptno = d.deptno
union
select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d right join emp e
on     e.deptno = d.deptno;
+---------+-------+-------+
| dname   | empno | ename |
+---------+-------+-------+
| FINANCE |     1 | aa    |
| HR      |     2 | bb    |
| SALES   |     3 | cc    |
| SALES   |     5 | ee    |
| HR      |     6 | ff    |
| RD      | NULL  | NULL  |
| NULL    |     4 | dd    |
+---------+-------+-------+

 

FULL JOIN的补充

如果要查找没有员工的部门或者没有部门的员工,即求取两个表各自独有的数据

 SQL语句:

mysql> select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     e.deptno = d.deptno
where  e.deptno is null
union
select d.dname,e.empno,e.ename
from   dept d right join emp e
on     e.deptno = d.deptno
where  d.deptno is null;
+-------+-------+-------+
| dname | empno | ename |
+-------+-------+-------+
| RD    | NULL  | NULL  |
| NULL  |     4 | dd    |
+-------+-------+-------+

 

 

 (二)MySQL Join算法

在MySQL 5.7中,MySQL仅支持Nested-Loop Join算法及其改进型Block-Nested-Loop Join算法,在8.0版本中,又新增了Hash Join算法,这里只讨论5.7版本的表连接方式。

 

 (2.1)Nested-Loop Join算法

嵌套循环连接算法(NLJ)从第一个循环的表中读取1行数据,并将该行传递到下一个表进行连接运算,如果符合条件,则继续与下一个表的行数据进行连接,知道连接完所有的表,然后重复上面的过程。简单来讲Nested-Loop Join就是编程中的多层for循环。假设存在3个表进行连接,连接方式如下:

table    join type
------    -------------
t1        range
t2        ref
t3        ALL

如果使用NLJ算法进行连接,伪代码如下:

for each row in t1 matching range {
  for each row in t2 matching reference key {
    for each row in t3 {
      if row satisfies join conditions, send to client
    }
  }
}

 

 (2.2)Block Nested-Loop Join算法

块嵌套循环(BLN)连接算法使用外部表的行缓冲来减少对内部表的读次数。例如,将外部表的10行数据读入缓冲区并将缓冲区传递到下一个内部循环,则可以将内部循环中的每一行与缓冲区的10行数据进行比较,此时,内部表读取的次数将减少为1/10。

如果使用BNL算法,上述连接的伪代码可以写为:

for each row in t1 matching range {
  for each row in t2 matching reference key {
    store used columns from t1, t2 in join buffer
    if buffer is full {
      for each row in t3 {
        for each t1, t2 combination in join buffer {
          if row satisfies join conditions, send to client
        }
      }
      empty join buffer
    }
  }
}

if buffer is not empty {
  for each row in t3 {
    for each t1, t2 combination in join buffer {
      if row satisfies join conditions, send to client
    }
  }
}

 MySQL Join Buffer有如下特点:

  • join buffer可以被使用在表连接类型为ALL,index,range。换句话说,只有索引不可能被使用,或者索引全扫描,索引范围扫描等代价较大的查询才会使用Block Nested-Loop Join算法;
  • 仅仅用于连接的列数据才会被存在连接缓存中,而不是整行数据
  • join_buffer_size系统变量用来决定每一个join buffer的大小
  • MySQL为每一个可以被缓存的join语句分配一个join buffer,以便每一个查询都可以使用join buffer。
  • 在执行连接之前分配连接缓冲区,并在查询完成后释放连接缓冲区。

 

 

(三)表连接顺序

在关系型数据库中,对于多表连接,位于嵌套循环外部的表我们称为驱动表,位于嵌套循环内部的表我们称为被驱动表,驱动表与被驱动表的顺序对于Join性能影响非常大,接下来我们探索一下MySQL中表连接的顺序。因为RIGHT JOIN和FULL JOIN在MySQL中最终都会转换为LEFT JOIN,所以我们只需讨论INNER JOIN和LEFT JOIN即可。

这里为了确保测试准确,我们使用MySQL提供的测试数据库employees,下载地址为:https://github.com/datacharmer/test_db。其ER图如下:

 

 

(3.1)INNER JOIN

 对应INNER JOIN,MySQL永远选择结果集小的表作为驱动表。

例子1:查看员工部门对应信息

-- 将employees,dept_manager , departments 3个表进行内连接即可
select      e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.dept_name
from        employees e inner join dept_manager dm on e.emp_no = dm.emp_no
inner join  departments d on dm.dept_no = d.dept_no;

 我们来看一下3个表的大小,需要注意的是,这里仅仅是MySQL粗略统计行数,在这个例子中,实际行数与之有一定的差距:

+--------------+------------+
| table_name   | table_rows |
+--------------+------------+
| departments  |          9 |
| dept_manager |         24 |
| employees    |     299468 |
+--------------+------------+

 最终的执行计划为:

+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+---------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys   | key       | key_len | ref                 | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+---------------------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | d     | NULL       | index  | PRIMARY         | dept_name | 42      | NULL                |    9 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | dm    | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY,dept_no | dept_no   | 4       | employees.d.dept_no |    2 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY         | PRIMARY   | 4       | employees.dm.emp_no |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+---------------------+------+----------+-------------+

 可以看到,在INNER JOIN中,MySQL并不是按照语句中表的出现顺序来按顺序执行的,而是首先评估每个表结果集的大小,选择小的作为驱动表,大的作为被驱动表,不管我们如何调整SQL中的表顺序,MySQL优化器选择表的顺序与上面相同。

这里需要特别说明的是:通常我们所说的"小表驱动大表"是非常不严谨的,在INNER JOIN中,MySQL永远选择结果集小的表作为驱动表,而不是小表。这有什么区别呢?结果集是指表进行了数据过滤后形成的临时表,其数据量小于或等于原表。下面提及的"小表和大表"都是指结果集大小。

 

例子2:查看工号为110567的员工部门对应信息

select      e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.dept_name
from        employees e inner join dept_manager dm on e.emp_no = dm.emp_no and e.emp_no = 110567
inner join  departments d on dm.dept_no = d.dept_no;

 最终的执行计划为:

+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys   | key     | key_len | ref                  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | const  | PRIMARY         | PRIMARY | 4       | const                |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | dm    | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY,dept_no | PRIMARY | 4       | const                |    1 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | d     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY         | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.dm.dept_no |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+-------------+

 可以看到,这里驱动表是employees,这个表是数据量最大的表,但是为什么选择它作为驱动表呢?因为他的结果集最小,在执行查询时,MySQL会首先选择employees表中emp_no=110567的数据,而这样的数据只有1条,其结果集也就最小,所以优化器选择了employees作为驱动表。

 

(3.2)LEFT JOIN 

 对于LEFT JOIN,执行顺序永远是从左往右,我们可以通过例子来看一下。

例子2:LEFT JOIN表顺序的选择测试

-- 表顺序:e --> dm --> d
mysql> explain select      e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.dept_name
from        employees e left join dept_manager dm on e.emp_no = dm.emp_no
left join   departments d on dm.dept_no = d.dept_no;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref                  | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL                 | 299468 |   100.00 | NULL        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | dm    | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.e.emp_no   |      1 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | d     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.dm.dept_no |      1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+--------+----------+-------------+

-- 表顺序:dm --> e --> d
mysql> explain select      e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.dept_name
from        dept_manager dm left join employees e on e.emp_no = dm.emp_no
left join   departments d on dm.dept_no = d.dept_no;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref                  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | dm    | NULL       | index  | NULL          | dept_no | 4       | NULL                 |   24 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.dm.emp_no  |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | d     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.dm.dept_no |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+-------------+

-- 表顺序:e --> dm --> d
mysql> explain select      e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.dept_name
from        employees e left join  dept_manager dm on e.emp_no = dm.emp_no  
left join   departments d on dm.dept_no = d.dept_no;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref                  | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL                 | 299468 |   100.00 | NULL        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | dm    | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.e.emp_no   |      1 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | d     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | employees.dm.dept_no |      1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+--------+----------+-------------+

 如果右表存在谓词过滤条件,MySQL会将left join转换为inner join,详见本文:(5.3)left join优化

 

 

 (四)ON和WHERE的思考

 在表连接中,我们可以在2个地方写过滤条件,一个是在ON后面,另一个就是WHERE后面了。那么,这两个地方写谓词过滤条件有什么区别呢?我们还是通过INNER JOIN和LEFT JOIN分别看一下。

 

 (4.1)INNER JOIN

 使用INNER JOIN,不管谓词条件写在ON部分还是WHERE部分,其结果都是相同的。

-- 将过滤条件写在ON部分
mysql> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname
from   emp e inner join dept d
on     e.deptno = d.deptno and d.dname = 'HR';
+-------+-------+-------+
| empno | ename | dname |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     2 | bb    | HR    |
|     6 | ff    | HR    |
+-------+-------+-------+

-- 将过滤条件写在WHERE部分
mysql> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname
from   emp e inner join dept d
on     e.deptno = d.deptno 
where  d.dname = 'HR';
+-------+-------+-------+
| empno | ename | dname |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     2 | bb    | HR    |
|     6 | ff    | HR    |
+-------+-------+-------+

-- 使用非标准写法,将表连接条件和过滤条件写在WHERE部分
mysql> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname
from   emp e inner join dept d
where     e.deptno = d.deptno 
and  d.dname = 'HR';
+-------+-------+-------+
| empno | ename | dname |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     2 | bb    | HR    |
|     6 | ff    | HR    |
+-------+-------+-------+

 实际上,通过trace报告可以看到,在inner join中,不管谓词条件写在ON部分还是WHERE部分,MySQL都会将SQL语句的谓词条件等价改写到where后面。

 

 (4.2)LEFT JOIN

 我们继续来看LEFT JOIN中ON与WHERE的区别。

使用ON作为谓词过滤条件:

mysql> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname
from   emp e left join dept d
on     e.deptno = d.deptno and d.dname = 'HR';
+-------+-------+-------+
| empno | ename | dname |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     1 | aa    | NULL  |
|     2 | bb    | HR    |
|     3 | cc    | NULL  |
|     4 | dd    | NULL  |
|     5 | ee    | NULL  |
|     6 | ff    | HR    |
+-------+-------+-------+

 我们可以把使用ON的情况用下图来描述,先使用ON条件进行关联,并在关联的时候进行数据过滤:

 

再看看使用where的结果:

mysql> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname
from   emp e left join dept d
on     e.deptno = d.deptno 
where  d.dname = 'HR';
+-------+-------+-------+
| empno | ename | dname |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     2 | bb    | HR    |
|     6 | ff    | HR    |
+-------+-------+-------+

 我们可以把使用where的情况用下图来描述,先使用ON条件进行关联,然后对关联的结果进行数据过滤:

 

 可以看到,在LEFT JOIN中,过滤条件放在ON和WHERE之后结果是不同的:

  • 如果过滤条件在ON后面,那么将使用左表与右表每行数据进行连接,然后根据过滤条件判断,如果满足判断条件,则左表与右表数据进行连接,如果不满足判断条件,则返回左表数据,右表数据用NULL值代替;
  • 如果过滤条件在WHERE后面,那么将使用左表与右表每行数据进行连接,然后将连接的结果集进行条件判断,满足条件的行信息保留。

 

 (五)JOIN优化

JOIN语句相对而言比较复杂,我们根据SQL语句的结构考虑优化方法,JOIN相关的主要SQL结构如下:

  • inner join
  • inner join + 排序(group by 或者 order by)
  • left join

(5.1)inner join优化

常规inner join的SQL语法如下:

SELECT   <select_list>
FROM     <left_table> inner join <right_table> ON <join_condition>
WHERE   <where_condition>

 

优化方法

1.对于inner join,通常是采用小表驱动大表的方式,即小标作为驱动表,大表作为被驱动表(相当于小表位于for循环的外层,大表位于for循环的内层)。这个过程MySQL数据局优化器以帮助我们完成,通常无需手动处理(特殊情况,表的统计信息不准确)。注意,这里的“小表”指的是结果集小的表。

2.对于inner join,需要对被驱动表的连接条件创建索引

3.对于inner join,考虑对连接条件和过滤条件(ON、WHERE)创建复合索引

 

例子1:对于inner join,需要对被驱动表的连接条件创建索引

-- ---------- 构造测试表 --------------------------  

-- 创建新表employees_new
mysql> create table employees_new like employees;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into empployees_new select * from employees;
Query OK, 300024 rows affected (2.69 sec)
Records: 300024  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

-- 创建新表salaries_new
mysql> create table salaries_new like salaries;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into salaries_new select * from salaries;
Query OK, 2844047 rows affected (13.00 sec)
Records: 2844047  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0


-- 删除主键
mysql> alter table employees_new drop primary key;
Query OK, 300024 rows affected (1.84 sec)
Records: 300024  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table salaries_new drop primary key;
Query OK, 2844047 rows affected (9.58 sec)
Records: 2844047  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

-- 表大小
mysql> select   table_name,table_rows 
from     information_schema.tables a 
where    a.table_schema = 'employees'
and      a.table_name in ('employees_new','salaries_new');
+---------------+------------+
| table_name    | table_rows |
+---------------+------------+
| employees_new |     299389 |
| salaries_new  |    2837194 |
+---------------+------------+

 

此时测试表ER关系如下:

 进行表连接查询,语句如下:

select  e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,s.salary,s.from_date,s.to_date
from    employees_new  e inner join salaries_new s
on      e.emp_no = s.emp_no ;

结果为:

-- 1. 被驱动表没有索引,执行时间:大于800s,(800s未执行完)
-- 执行计划:
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows    | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |  299389 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 2837194 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+


-- 2. 在被驱动表连接条件上创建索引,执行时间: 37s
-- 创建索引语句
create index idx_empno on salaries_new(emp_no);

-- 执行计划:
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key       | key_len | ref                | rows   | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL      | NULL    | NULL               | 299389 |   100.00 | NULL  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno     | idx_empno | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |      9 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------+


-- 3. 更进一步,在驱动表连接条件上也创建索引,执行时间: 40s
-- 创建索引语句
create index idx_employees_new_empno on employees_new(emp_no);

-- 执行计划:
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys           | key       | key_len | ref                | rows   | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL  | idx_employees_new_empno | NULL      | NULL    | NULL               | 299389 |   100.00 | NULL  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno               | idx_empno | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |      9 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------+

 通过以上测试可见,在被驱动表的连接条件上创建索引是非常有必要的,而在驱动表连接条件上创建索引则不会显著提高速度。

 

例子2:对于inner join,考虑对连接条件和过滤条件(ON、WHERE)创建复合索引

 进行表连接查询,语句如下(以下2个SQL在MySQL优化器中解析为相同SQL):

select e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,s.salary,s.from_date,s.to_date
from employees_new e inner join salaries_new s
on e.emp_no = s.emp_no and e.first_name = 'Georgi'
-- 或者
select e.emp_no,e.first_name,e.last_name,s.salary,s.from_date,s.to_date
from employees_new e inner join salaries_new s
on e.emp_no = s.emp_no
where e.first_name = 'Georgi'

 结果为:

-- 1. 未在连接条件和过滤条件上创建复合索引,执行时间: 0.162s

-- 执行计划:
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys           | key       | key_len | ref                | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL  | idx_employees_new_empno | NULL      | NULL    | NULL               | 299389 |    10.00 | Using where |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno               | idx_empno | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |      9 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------------+-----------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-------------+


-- 2.在连接条件和过滤条件上创建复合索引,执行时间: 0.058s

-- 创建索引语句
create index idx_employees_first_name_emp_no on employees_new(first_name,emp_no);
create index idx_employees_emp_no_first_name on employees_new(emp_no,first_name);

-- 执行计划:
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys                                                                           | key                             | key_len | ref                | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ref  | idx_employees_new_empno,idx_employees_first_name_emp_no,idx_employees_emp_no_first_name | idx_employees_first_name_emp_no | 16      | const              |  253 |   100.00 | NULL  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno                                                                               | idx_empno                       | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |    9 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------+

  通过以上测试可见,表的连接条件上和过滤条件上创建复合索引可以提高查询速度,从本例子看,速度没有较大提高,因为对employees_new表全表扫描速度很快,但是在非常大的表中,复合索引能够有效提高速度。

 

 (5.2)inner join +  排序(group by 或者 order by)优化

常规inner join+排序的SQL语法如下:

SELECT   <select_list>
FROM     <left_table> inner join <right_table> ON <join_condition>
WHERE    <where_condition>
GROUP BY  <group_by_list>
ORDER BY <order_by_list>

 

优化方法

1.与inner join一样,在被驱动表的连接条件上创建索引

2.inner join + 排序往往会在执行计划里面伴随着Using temporary Using filesort关键字出现,如果临时表或者排序的数据量很大,那么将会导致查询非常慢,需要特别重视;反之,临时表或者排序的数据量较小,例如只有几百条,那么即使执行计划有Using temporary Using filesort关键字,对查询速度影响也不大。如果说排序操作消耗了大部分的时间,那么可以考虑使用索引的有序性来消除排序,接下来对该优化方法进行讨论。

 group by和order by都会对相关列进行排序,根据SQL是否存在GROUP BY或者ORDER BY关键字,分3种情况讨论:

 

SQL语句存在

group by

SQL语句存在

order by

优化操作考虑的排序列 解释
情况1 只需考虑group by相关列排序问题即可 如果SQL语句中只含有group by,则只需考虑group by后面的列排序问题即可
情况2 只需考虑order by相关列排序问题即可 如果SQL语句中只含有order by,则只需考虑order by后面的列排序问题即可
情况3 只需考虑group by相关列排序问题即可

如果SQL语句中同时含有group by和order by,只需考虑group by后面的排序即可。

因为MySQL先执行group by,后执行order by,通常group by之后数据量已经较少了,

后续的order by直接在磁盘上排序即可

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 对于上面3种情况:

1.如果优化考虑的排序列全部来源于驱动表,则可以考虑:在等值谓词过滤条件上+排序列上创建复合索引,这样可以使用索引先过滤数据,再使用索引按顺序获取数据。

2.如果优化考虑的排序列全部来源于某个被驱动表,则可以考虑:使用表连接hint(Straight_JOIN)控制连接顺序,将排序相关表设置为驱动表,然后按照1创建复合索引;

3.如果优化考虑的排序列来源于多个表,貌似没有好的解决办法,有想法的同学也可以留言,一起进步。

 

例子1:如果优化考虑的排序列全部来源于驱动表,则可以考虑:在等值谓词过滤条件上+排序列上创建复合索引,这样可以使用索引先过滤数据,再使用索引按顺序获取数据。

-- 1.驱动表e上存在排序
mysql>  explain select    e.first_name,sum(salary)
from      employees_new e inner join salaries_new s on  e.emp_no = s.emp_no
where     e.last_name = 'Aamodt'
group by  e.first_name;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys                                        | key                          | key_len | ref                | rows | filtered | Extra                                                     |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ref  | idx_employees_new_empno,idx_lastname_empno_firstname | idx_lastname_empno_firstname | 18      | const              |  205 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using temporary; Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno                                            | idx_empno                    | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |    9 |   100.00 | NULL                                                      |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+


-- 2.在驱动表e上的等值谓词过滤条件last_name和排序列first_name上创建索引
mysql> create index idx_lastname_firstname on employees_new (last_name,first_name);


-- 3.可以看到,排序消除
mysql> explain select    e.first_name,sum(salary)
from      employees_new e inner join salaries_new s on  e.emp_no = s.emp_no
where     e.last_name = 'Aamodt'
group by  e.first_name;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys                                                                    | key                    | key_len | ref                | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ref  | idx_employees_new_empno,idx_employees_new_empno_firstname,idx_lastname_firstname | idx_lastname_firstname | 18      | const              |  205 |   100.00 | Using index condition |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno                                                                        | idx_empno              | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |    9 |   100.00 | NULL                  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-----------------------+

 需要说明的是,消除排序只是提供了一种数据优化的方式,消除排序后,其速度并不一定会比之前快,需要具体问题具体分析测试。

 

例子2:如果优化考虑的排序列全部来源于某个被驱动表,则可以考虑:使用表连接hint(Straight_JOIN)控制连接顺序,将排序相关表设置为驱动表,然后按照1创建复合索引;

-- 1. 被驱动表s上存在排序
mysql> explain select    s.from_date,sum(salary)
from      employees_new e inner join salaries_new s on  e.emp_no = s.emp_no
where     e.last_name = 'Aamodt'
and       s.salary = 40000
group by  s.from_date;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+------------------...-------+------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys    ...       | key                    | key_len | ref                | rows | filtered | Extra                           |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+------------------...-------+------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ref  | idx_employees_new...stname | idx_lastname_firstname | 18      | const              |  205 |   100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno        ...       | idx_empno              | 4       | employees.e.emp_no |    9 |    10.00 | Using where                     |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+------------------...-------+------------------------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+---------------------------------+


-- 2. 使用Straight_join改变表的连接顺序
mysql> explain select    s.from_date,sum(salary)
from      salaries_new s STRAIGHT_JOIN employees_new e  on  e.emp_no = s.emp_no
where     e.last_name = 'Aamodt'
and       s.salary = 40000
group by  s.from_date;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-----------------...----------+-------------------------+---------+--------------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys   ...          | key                     | key_len | ref                | rows    | filtered | Extra                                        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-----------------...----------+-------------------------+---------+--------------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ALL  | idx_empno       ...          | NULL                    | NULL    | NULL               | 2837194 |    10.00 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ref  | idx_employees_ne...firstname | idx_employees_new_empno | 4       | employees.s.emp_no |       1 |     5.00 | Using where                                  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-----------------...----------+-------------------------+---------+--------------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+


-- 3. 在新的驱动表上创建等值谓词+排序列索引
mysql> create index idx_salary_fromdate on salaries_new(salary,from_date);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (5.39 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0


-- 4. 可以看到,消除排序
mysql> explain select    s.from_date,sum(salary)
from      salaries_new s STRAIGHT_JOIN employees_new e  on  e.emp_no = s.emp_no
where     e.last_name = 'Aamodt'
and       s.salary = 40000
group by  s.from_date;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------------------------...--+-------------------------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys                   ...  | key                     | key_len | ref                | rows   | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------------------------...--+-------------------------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | NULL       | ref  | idx_empno,idx_salary_fromdate   ...  | idx_salary_fromdate     | 4       | const              | 199618 |   100.00 | Using index condition |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ref  | idx_employees_new_empno,idx_empl...e | idx_employees_new_empno | 4       | employees.s.emp_no |      1 |     5.00 | Using where           |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------------------------...--+-------------------------+---------+--------------------+--------+----------+-----------------------+

 需要说明的是,大部分情况下,MySQL优化器会自动选择最优的表连接方式,Straight_join的引入往往会造成大表做驱动表的情况出现,虽然消除了排序,但是又引入了新的麻烦。到底是排序带来的开销大,还是NLJ循环嵌套不合理带来的开销大,需要具体情况具体分析。

 

(5.3)left join优化

在MySQL中外连接(left join、right join 、full join)会被优化器转换为left join,因此,外连接只需讨论left join即可。常规left join的SQL语法如下:

SELECT   <select_list>
FROM     <left_table> left join <right_table> ON <join_condition>
WHERE   <where_condition>
GROUP BY  <group_by_list>
ORDER BY  <order_by_list>

 

优化方法

1.与inner join一样,在被驱动表的连接条件上创建索引

2.left join的表连接顺序都是从左像右的,我们无法改变表连接顺序。但是如果右表在where条件中存在谓词过滤,则MySQL会将left join自动转换为inner join,其原理图如下:

 

 

 例子1:.如果右表在where条件中存在谓词过滤,则MySQL会将left join自动转换为inner join

创建测试表:

create table dept
(
  deptno   int,
  dname    varchar(20)
);
insert into dept values (10,    'sales'),(20,    'hr'),(30,    'product'),(40,    'develop');


create table emp 
(
  empno    int,
  ename    varchar(20),
  deptno   varchar(20)
);
insert into emp values (1,'aa',10),(2,'bb',10),(3,'cc',20),(4,'dd',30),(5,'ee',30);

 执行left join,查看其执行计划,发现并不是左表作为驱动表

mysql> explain select d.dname,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     d.deptno = e.deptno
where  e.deptno = 30;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | e     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    5 |    20.00 | Using where                                        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | d     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    25.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

 通过trace追踪,发现MySQL对其该语句进行了等价改写,将外连接改为了内连接。

mysql> set optimizer_trace="enabled=on",end_markers_in_JSON=on;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select d.dname,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     d.deptno = e.deptno
where  e.deptno = 30;
+---------+-------+
| dname   | ename |
+---------+-------+
| product | dd    |
| product | ee    |
+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)

mysql> select * from information_schema.optimizer_trace;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | MISSING_BYTES_BEYOND_MAX_MEM_SIZE | INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGES |
select d.dname,e.ename
from   dept d left join emp e
on     d.deptno = e.deptno
where  e.deptno = 30 | {
  "steps": [
    {
      "join_preparation": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `d`.`dname` AS `dname`,`e`.`ename` AS `ename` from (`dept` `d` left join `emp` `e` on((`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))) where (`e`.`deptno` = 30)"
          },
          {
            "transformations_to_nested_joins": {
              "transformations": [
                "outer_join_to_inner_join",
                "JOIN_condition_to_WHERE",
                "parenthesis_removal"
              ] /* transformations */,
              "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `d`.`dname` AS `dname`,`e`.`ename` AS `ename` from `dept` `d` join `emp` `e` where ((`e`.`deptno` = 30) and (`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))"
            } /* transformations_to_nested_joins */
          }
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_preparation */
    },
    {
      "join_optimization": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "condition_processing": {
              "condition": "WHERE",
              "original_condition": "((`e`.`deptno` = 30) and (`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))",
              "steps": [
                {
                  "transformation": "equality_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`e`.`deptno` = 30) and (`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "constant_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`e`.`deptno` = 30) and (`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
                  "resulting_condition": "((`e`.`deptno` = 30) and (`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))"
                }
              ] /* steps */
            } /* condition_processing */
          },
          {
            "substitute_generated_columns": {
            } /* substitute_generated_columns */
          },
          {
            "table_dependencies": [
              {
                "table": "`dept` `d`",
                "row_may_be_null": false,
                "map_bit": 0,
                "depends_on_map_bits": [
                ] /* depends_on_map_bits */
              },
              {
                "table": "`emp` `e`",
                "row_may_be_null": true,
                "map_bit": 1,
                "depends_on_map_bits": [
                ] /* depends_on_map_bits */
              }
            ] /* table_dependencies */
          },
          {
            "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
            ] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */
          },
          {
            "rows_estimation": [
              {
                "table": "`dept` `d`",
                "table_scan": {
                  "rows": 4,
                  "cost": 1
                } /* table_scan */
              },
              {
                "table": "`emp` `e`",
                "table_scan": {
                  "rows": 5,
                  "cost": 1
                } /* table_scan */
              }
            ] /* rows_estimation */
          },
          {
            "considered_execution_plans": [
              {
                "plan_prefix": [
                ] /* plan_prefix */,
                "table": "`dept` `d`",
                "best_access_path": {
                  "considered_access_paths": [
                    {
                      "rows_to_scan": 4,
                      "access_type": "scan",
                      "resulting_rows": 4,
                      "cost": 1.8,
                      "chosen": true
                    }
                  ] /* considered_access_paths */
                } /* best_access_path */,
                "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                "rows_for_plan": 4,
                "cost_for_plan": 1.8,
                "rest_of_plan": [
                  {
                    "plan_prefix": [
                      "`dept` `d`"
                    ] /* plan_prefix */,
                    "table": "`emp` `e`",
                    "best_access_path": {
                      "considered_access_paths": [
                        {
                          "rows_to_scan": 5,
                          "access_type": "scan",
                          "using_join_cache": true,
                          "buffers_needed": 1,
                          "resulting_rows": 1,
                          "cost": 2.6007,
                          "chosen": true
                        }
                      ] /* considered_access_paths */
                    } /* best_access_path */,
                    "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                    "rows_for_plan": 4,
                    "cost_for_plan": 4.4007,
                    "chosen": true
                  }
                ] /* rest_of_plan */
              },
              {
                "plan_prefix": [
                ] /* plan_prefix */,
                "table": "`emp` `e`",
                "best_access_path": {
                  "considered_access_paths": [
                    {
                      "rows_to_scan": 5,
                      "access_type": "scan",
                      "resulting_rows": 1,
                      "cost": 2,
                      "chosen": true
                    }
                  ] /* considered_access_paths */
                } /* best_access_path */,
                "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                "rows_for_plan": 1,
                "cost_for_plan": 2,
                "rest_of_plan": [
                  {
                    "plan_prefix": [
                      "`emp` `e`"
                    ] /* plan_prefix */,
                    "table": "`dept` `d`",
                    "best_access_path": {
                      "considered_access_paths": [
                        {
                          "rows_to_scan": 4,
                          "access_type": "scan",
                          "using_join_cache": true,
                          "buffers_needed": 1,
                          "resulting_rows": 4,
                          "cost": 1.8002,
                          "chosen": true
                        }
                      ] /* considered_access_paths */
                    } /* best_access_path */,
                    "condition_filtering_pct": 100,
                    "rows_for_plan": 4,
                    "cost_for_plan": 3.8002,
                    "chosen": true
                  }
                ] /* rest_of_plan */
              }
            ] /* considered_execution_plans */
          },
          {
            "attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
              "original_condition": "((`e`.`deptno` = 30) and (`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`))",
              "attached_conditions_computation": [
              ] /* attached_conditions_computation */,
              "attached_conditions_summary": [
                {
                  "table": "`emp` `e`",
                  "attached": "(`e`.`deptno` = 30)"
                },
                {
                  "table": "`dept` `d`",
                  "attached": "(`d`.`deptno` = `e`.`deptno`)"
                }
              ] /* attached_conditions_summary */
            } /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */
          },
          {
            "refine_plan": [
              {
                "table": "`emp` `e`"
              },
              {
                "table": "`dept` `d`"
              }
            ] /* refine_plan */
          }
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_optimization */
    },
    {
      "join_execution": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_execution */
    }
  ] /* steps */
} |                                 0 |                       0 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------

mysql> 
View Code

 

 

 

 

 【完】

 

 

参考:

1.嵌套循环连接算法:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/nested-loop-joins.html

2.外部连接优化:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/outer-join-optimization.html

 

 Note:MySQL菜鸟一枚,文章仅代表个人观点,如有不对,敬请指出,共同进步,谢谢。

 

posted @ 2021-02-20 23:35  gegeman  阅读(3980)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报