前言

众所周知,系统里有很多比如订单状态、审核状态;性别、结算方式、交易类型等属性,这些属性只有几个值,一般用0、1、2、3等的数字标识存入数据库,每次对这些属性所属对象的增删改操作,都会在代码里给状态设置值,由于项目是多人开发的,如果每次设置值的时候都直接set 0、1、2,容易出错,而且状态假设不用0、1、2表示了,用1、2、3表示,这时候所有set状态的地方都得改变,维护麻烦。所以用常量表示状态值,甚好。

据我目前所知,系统里实现常量的方式有三种:

1,  接口常量

2,  类常量

3,  枚举

一:接口常量

Java程序里实现常量,jdk1.5之前,没有枚举类,有的用的接口来实现系统中的常量:

如java的swing里有一个SwingConstant:

public interface SwingConstants {

        /** 
         * The central position in an area. Used for
         * both compass-direction constants (NORTH, etc.)
         * and box-orientation constants (TOP, etc.).
         */
        public static final int CENTER  = 0;

        // 
        // Box-orientation constant used to specify locations in a box.
        //
        /** 
         * Box-orientation constant used to specify the top of a box.
         */
        public static final int TOP     = 1;
        /** 
         * Box-orientation constant used to specify the left side of a box.
         */
        public static final int LEFT    = 2;
       
       //。。。省略其他代码
   }

接口常量,写起来方便,看着简洁,但是为了让其他人知道每个常量的含义,必须写注释,如果需要在用到常量对应的信息时候,需要看着注释来写。

如:在其他地方需要用到 SwingConstants.CENTER 的含义,必须看类里的注释,知道他表示中心。如果常量很多的话,把所有的常量都放在这一个接口里边,这种方式感觉也不是很友好。

申哥,瑞友的架构师,我的老乡、偶像)看了申哥以前的项目,发现一个常量类,也是接口常量类,在接口里定义静态内部类,但是比上边这种要好,他可以把不同的功能的常量类进一步分类,看代码:

public interface UtilConstants {
    /**
     * 
     * 公共常量
     *
     */
    public static class Public {
        public static final String ID = "TESTID";
    }
    
    /**
     * JSP路径
     */
    public static class JspFilePath {
        public static final String TESTCONTROLLER = "jsp/basic/"; 
        public static final String TEMPLATE_PAGEPATH = "basic/template/"; // 模板(测试)
    }
    
    /**
     * vo 对象的一些公共的属性名称 
     *
     */
    public static class VoFields {
        public static final String ACTIONTIME = "operateTime";//操作时间
        public static final String ACTIONUSERNAME = "operatorName";//操作人姓名
        public static final String CHECKTIME = "auditTime";//审核时间
        public static final String CHECKUSERID = "checkUserId";//审核人ID
        public static final String CHECKUSERNAME = "auditPerson";//审核人姓名
        public static final String CREATETIME = "createTime";        // 创建时间
        public static final String CREATEUSERID = "createUserId";// 创建人code
        public static final String INSERTUSERNAME = "createUserName";// 创建人姓名
        public static final String UPDATETIME = "updateTime";        // 修改时间
        public static final String UPDATEUSERID = "updateUserId";// 修改人CODE
        public static final String UPDATEUSERNAME = "updateUserName";// 修改人姓名
        public static final String DELFLAG = "delFlag";             // 删除标记
        public static final String DBID = "dbid";                    // 主键
    }
    
    
    
}

使用,把不同功能的常量放在了接口的内部类里,通过不同的内部类,调用的时候可以更明确好找吧。

UtilConstants.JspFilePath.TEMPLATE_PAGEPATH
UtilConstants.VoFields.CHECKTIME

二:类常量

目前中彩网的项目是这样做的,还有过完年去待过4天的蛋疼学院的代码,也是这么做的,虽然有了枚举,可能是由于设计者习惯问题,还有很多人用的类常量,

定义了类常量,用一个Map<Integer, String>来封装常量对应的信息,在static代码块里,类初始化的时候执行一次put。用的时候

ResponseCode.RESP_INFO.get("DATABASE_EXCEPTION");就能取出响应信息

由于项目是前后端分离,在接口文档里需要写上状态码,还得写上状态码对应的提示信息,而且我们的响应类 RespInfo 有message属性,就是保存常量类里状态码对应的信息的。

代码:

public class ResponseCode {

    /** 系统处理正常 */
    public static final int SUCCESS_HEAD = 0;

    /** 系统处理未知异常 */
    public static final int EXCEPTION_HEAD = 1;

    /** JSON解析错误 */
    public static final int JSON_RESOLVE = 2;

    /** 类型不匹配 */
    public static final int TRANSTYPE_NO = 3;

    /** Head - messageID未赋值 */
    public static final int HEAD_messageID = 4;

    /** Head - timeStamp未赋值 */
    public static final int HEAD_timeStamp = 5;

    /** Head - messengerID未赋值 */
    public static final int HEAD_messengerID = 6;

    /** Head - transactionType 未赋值 */
    public static final int HEAD_transactionType = 7;

    /** digest校验不通过 */
    public static final int HEAD_DIGEST = 8;
    
    /** src校验不通过 */
    public static final int HEAD_SRC_NULL = 10;
    
    /** 协议包含非法字符 */
    public static final int ILLEGAL_MESSAGE = 11;

    /** 数据库异常 */
    public static final int DATABASE_EXCEPTION = 9;
    public static final Map<Integer, String> RESP_INFO = new HashMap<Integer, String>();

    static {
        // Head 相关
        RESP_INFO.put(SUCCESS_HEAD, "系统处理正常");
        RESP_INFO.put(EXCEPTION_HEAD, "系统处理未知异常");
        RESP_INFO.put(JSON_RESOLVE, "JSON解析错误");
        RESP_INFO.put(TRANSTYPE_NO, "类型不匹配");
        RESP_INFO.put(HEAD_messageID, "messageID未赋值");
        RESP_INFO.put(HEAD_timeStamp, "timeStamp未赋值");
        RESP_INFO.put(HEAD_messengerID, "messengerID未赋值");
        RESP_INFO.put(HEAD_transactionType, "transactionType未赋值");
        RESP_INFO.put(HEAD_DIGEST, "digest校验不通过");
        RESP_INFO.put(DATABASE_EXCEPTION, "数据库异常");
        RESP_INFO.put(HEAD_SRC_NULL, "src未赋值");
        RESP_INFO.put(ILLEGAL_MESSAGE, "协议包含非法字符");
        
    }
}

这种类常量比接口常量好,因为可以定义状态码对应的提示信息。

三:枚举

所有的枚举类都是Enum类的子类,就行Object类一样,只是没有写出来,所以可以枚举类可调用Enum的方法。注意是逗号分隔属性,只有属性后边没有方法的话,最后加不加分号都行

代码:

public enum Season {
    SPRING,SUMMER,AUTUMN ,WINTER
}

使用:可以直接使用属性,也可以调用Enum的方法如values方法

System.out.println(Season.AUTUMN);
        System.out.println(Season.values());
        Season[] values = Season.values();
        System.out.println(values[0]);

可以在枚举类中添加一些构造器、方法和域:

私有化构造器,构造器只是在构造枚举常量的时候被调用如SMALL(“S”)

/**
 * 衣服尺寸
 */
public enum Size {

    SMALL("S"),
    MEDIUM("M"),
    LARGE("L"),
    EXTRA_LARGE("XL");
    
    /**
     * 缩写
     */
    private String suoxie;
    
    private Size(String suoxie){
        this.suoxie = suoxie;
    }
    
    public String getSuoxie(){
        return suoxie;
    }
    
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //1:toString()方法返回常量的名 
        System.out.println(Size.SMALL.toString());//SMALL
        
        //2:valueOf()
        System.out.println(Size.valueOf("LARGE"));
        
        //3:values:返回每个常量名
        //SMALL MEDIUM LARGE EXTRA_LARGE
        Size[] sizes = Size.values();
        /*for (Size size : sizes) {
            System.out.println(size);
        }*/
        
        //4:ordinal 返回常量的位置,从0开始
        System.out.println(Size.LARGE.ordinal());
        
        int i = Size.EXTRA_LARGE.compareTo(Size.EXTRA_LARGE);
        System.out.println(i);

System.out.println(Size.LARGE.getSuoxie());
    }
}

申哥的枚举:

实际项目中不会每个类型都弄一个枚举类,假设那样,系统中会有很多枚举类,每个类里边只有几个属性,那样类太多,感觉没必要,所以申哥设计了一个常量类Constants,在常量类里定义了多个静态枚举类,这个和上边说的申哥在接口常量里定义静态内部类有点类似,不过现在换成了枚举。

接口里定义静态内部类好处:对不同功能的常量进行分类,用起来比较明确,但是由于是interface,里边不能定义static静态代码块,所以没办法像类常量那样即定义常量状态码,又在map里放对应的说明信息,只能通过注释给开发人员用的时候看。

 申哥的这种做法算是两全其美,在一个常量类里,定义多个静态的枚举,枚举类定义两个参数的构造器,一个相当于key,一个是value,属性也是final类型的,每个枚举对应实体对象的一种状态,甚好。

代码:

public class Constants {
    public static enum Dict{
        PROSTA("PROSTA","产品状态"),
        COUNTRY("COUNTRY","国家"),
        
        YWLX("YWLX","业务类型"),
        INDUSTRYCOMPANYTYPE("IndustryCompanyType","公司类型"),
        JSFS("JSFS","结算方式"),
        COMMISSIONTYPE("COMMISSIONTYPE","返佣类型"),
        BALUNITTYPE("BALUNITTYPE","结算单位类型"),
        ORDERSTATS("OrderStats","订单状态"),
        BACKORDERSTATUS("BackOrderStatus","退单审核状态"),
        BUSINESSPAYMENT("BusinessPayment","业务款项"),
        ENABLESTATE("enableState","启用禁用"),
        APPROVESTATE("approveState","审批状态"),
//        分销系统所需是商品系统的xml
        PRODUCTCONTENTTYPE("productContentType","商品内容分类"),
        IDENTITY("identity","适应人群"),
        AREA("area","领区"),
        VISATYPE("visatype","签证类型"),
        SERVICETYPE("serviceType","公证认证商品内容分类"),
        PRODUCTTYPEQUALITY("productTypeQuality","公证认证商品性质"),
        EXPRESSTYPE("expresstype","公证认证加急种类"),
        IDETIFICATIONTYPE("identificationType","认证类别"),
        QYKHLX("QYKHLX","客户类型"),
        ZILIAONAME("ziliaoName","资料名称"),
        YESORNO("yesOrNo","是否");

        
        
        private Dict(String value,String name){
            this.value=value;
            this.name=name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 订单状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum OrderStats{
        
        DELETE(0,"删除"),RESERVE(1,"订单预定"),CONFIRM(2,"订单确认"),COMPLETE(3,"订单完成"),CLOSE(4,"订单关闭");
        
        private OrderStats(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        
    }
    /**
     * 性别
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum sex{
        
        MAN("1","男"),FEMAN("2","女");
        
        private sex(String value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        
    }
    /**
     * 退单审核状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum BackOrderStatus{
        WAIT(1,"待审核"),AUDIT(2,"审核中"),PASS(3,"审核通过"),NOTPASS(4,"审核不通过");
        private BackOrderStatus(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 结算方式
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum jiesuan{
        XIANJIE("1","现结"),YUEJIE("2","月结");
        private jiesuan(String value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 业务款项
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum BusinessPayment{
        VISA("FUND18","签证费"),PREMIUMS("FUND07","保险"),DEPOSIT("FUND10","押金"),CANCELLING("FUND12","取消金"),FUND20("FUND20","单项服务"),FUND14("FUND14","认证费"),FUND09("FUND09","团款");
        private BusinessPayment(String value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 通用的启用禁用状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum EnableState{
        DISABLE(0,"禁用"),ENABLE(1,"启用");
        private EnableState(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 通用的审批状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum ApproveState{
        REJECT(0,"不通过"),PASS(1,"通过");
        private ApproveState(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 通用的是否
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-14
     */
    public static enum YesOrNo{
        NO(0,"否"),YES(1,"是");
        private YesOrNo(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 业务状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-18
     */
    public static enum ServiceStatus{
        NORMAL(1,"正常办理"),CHANGEING(2,"应收变更中"),BACKING(3,"退单中"),BACK(4,"退单");
        private ServiceStatus(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     *  支付状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-16
     */
    public static enum PayStatus{
        NOTPAY("01","未支付"),PARTPAY("02","部分支付"),FINISHPAY("03","支付完成");
        private PayStatus(String value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    public static enum DeleteStatus{
        NORMAL(1,"正常"),DELETE(0,"删除");
        private DeleteStatus(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     *  订单类型,主要是判断订单是从哪个系统推送过来的,
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-16
     */
    public static enum OrderType{
        SALE("DDLY010301","ERP"),DISTRIBUTION("DDLY0104","分销平台");
        private OrderType(String value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    public static enum CommonFieldEnum {
        DBID("dbid",UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", "")), //主键
        CREATEPERSONNAME("createpersonname","username"),//创建人姓名
        CREATEPERSONCODE("createpersoncode","usercode"),//创建人姓名
        CREATEUSTIME("createtime",new Date()),//创建时间
        UPDATEPERSONNAME("updatepersonname","username"),//更新人姓名
        UPDATEPERSONCODE("updatepersoncode","usercode"),//更新人姓名
        UPDATETIME("updatetime",new Date()),//更新时间
        ACTIONPERSONNAME("actionpersonname","username"),//操作人姓名
        ACTIONPERSONCODE("actionpersoncode","usercode"),//操作人code
        ACTIONTIME("actiontime",new Date()),//操作时间
        ;
        private CommonFieldEnum(String value, Object type) {
            this.value = value;
            this.type = type;
        }

        private final String value;
        private final Object type;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }
        public Object getType() {
            return type;
        }
    }

    /**
     *  业务类型
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author xudf
     * @date 2016-6-17
     */
    public static enum BusinessType{
        NOTARY("YWLX09","签证-公证认证"),VISA("YWLX10","签证-单办签证"),NOTVISA("YWLX16","签证其他"),INSURANCE("YWLX11","保险-单办保险");
        private BusinessType(String value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final String value;
        private final String name;
        
        public String getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 锁单状态
     * <p>Company:rayootech</p>
     * @author zhangxueshen
     * @date 2016-6-16
     */
    public static enum LockStatus{
        NORMAL(0,"正常"),RECEIVCHANGE(1,"应收变更锁单中"),SEALED(2,"客人封存更锁单中"),BACK(3,"退单更锁单中");
        private LockStatus(Integer value,String name){
            this.value = value;
            this.name = name;
        }
        private final Integer value;
        private final String name;
        
        public Integer getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
    }
    
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String key = Constants.ServiceStatus.NORMAL.getName();
        int value = Constants.ServiceStatus.NORMAL.getValue();
        System.out.println(key+":"+ value);
        
    }
}

OK说完了

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