Linux下的USB总线驱动(02)——USB框架usb-skeleton.c
原文链接:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2012-12/76197p2.htm
USB驱动框架usb-skeleton.c
USB骨架程序可以被看做一个最简单的USB设备驱动的实例。
首先看看USB骨架程序的usb_driver的定义
- static struct usb_driver skel_driver = {
- .name = "skeleton",
- .probe = skel_probe, //设备探测
- .disconnect = skel_disconnect,
- .suspend = skel_suspend,
- .resume = skel_resume,
- .pre_reset = skel_pre_reset,
- .post_reset = skel_post_reset,
- .id_table = skel_table, //设备支持项
- .supports_autosuspend = 1,
- };
- /* Define these values to match your devices */
- #define USB_SKEL_VENDOR_ID 0xfff0
- #define USB_SKEL_PRODUCT_ID 0xfff0
- /* table of devices that work with this driver */
- static const struct usb_device_id skel_table[] = {
- { USB_DEVICE(USB_SKEL_VENDOR_ID, USB_SKEL_PRODUCT_ID) },
- { } /* Terminating entry */
- };
- MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb, skel_table);
由上面代码可见,通过USB_DEVICE宏定义了设备支持项。
对上面usb_driver的注册和注销发送在USB骨架程序的模块加载和卸载函数中。
- static int __init usb_skel_init(void)
- {
- int result;
- /* register this driver with the USB subsystem */
- result = usb_register(&skel_driver); //将该驱动挂在USB总线上
- if (result)
- err("usb_register failed. Error number %d", result);
- return result;
- }
一个设备被安装或者有设备插入后,当USB总线上经过match匹配成功,就会调用设备驱动程序中的probe探测函数,向探测函数传递设备的信息,以便确定驱动程序是否支持该设备。
- static int skel_probe(struct usb_interface *interface,
- const struct usb_device_id *id)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev; //特定设备结构体
- struct usb_host_interface *iface_desc; //设置结构体
- struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint; //端点描述符
- size_t buffer_size;
- int i;
- int retval = -ENOMEM;
- /* allocate memory for our device state and initialize it */
- dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!dev) {
- err("Out of memory");
- goto error;
- }
- kref_init(&dev->kref); ////初始化内核引用计数
- sema_init(&dev->limit_sem, WRITES_IN_FLIGHT); //初始化信号量
- mutex_init(&dev->io_mutex); //初始化互斥锁
- spin_lock_init(&dev->err_lock); //初始化自旋锁
- init_usb_anchor(&dev->submitted);
- init_completion(&dev->bulk_in_completion); //初始化完成量
- dev->udev = usb_get_dev(interface_to_usbdev(interface)); //获取usb_device结构体
- dev->interface = interface; //获取usb_ interface结构体
- /* set up the endpoint information */
- /* use only the first bulk-in and bulk-out endpoints */
- iface_desc = interface->cur_altsetting; //由接口获取当前设置
- for (i = 0; i < iface_desc->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i) { //根据端点个数逐一扫描端点
- endpoint = &iface_desc->endpoint[i].desc; //由设置获取端点描述符
- if (!dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr &&
- usb_endpoint_is_bulk_in(endpoint)) { //如果端点为批量输入端点
- /* we found a bulk in endpoint */
- buffer_size = le16_to_cpu(endpoint->wMaxPacketSize); //缓冲大小
- dev->bulk_in_size = buffer_size;
- dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress; //端点地址
- dev->bulk_in_buffer = kmalloc(buffer_size, GFP_KERNEL); //缓冲区
- if (!dev->bulk_in_buffer) {
- err("Could not allocate bulk_in_buffer");
- goto error;
- }
- dev->bulk_in_urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL); //分配URB空间
- if (!dev->bulk_in_urb) {
- err("Could not allocate bulk_in_urb");
- goto error;
- }
- }
- if (!dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr &&
- usb_endpoint_is_bulk_out(endpoint)) { //如果端点为批量输出端点
- /* we found a bulk out endpoint */
- dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress;//端点地址
- }
- }
- if (!(dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr && dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr)) { //都不是批量端点
- err("Could not find both bulk-in and bulk-out endpoints");
- goto error;
- }
- /* save our data pointer in this interface device */
- usb_set_intfdata(interface, dev); //将特定设备结构体设置为接口的私有数据
- /* we can register the device now, as it is ready */
- retval = usb_register_dev(interface, &skel_class); //注册USB设备
- if (retval) {
- /* something prevented us from registering this driver */
- err("Not able to get a minor for this device.");
- usb_set_intfdata(interface, NULL);
- goto error;
- }
- /* let the user know what node this device is now attached to */
- dev_info(&interface->dev,
- "USB Skeleton device now attached to USBSkel-%d",
- interface->minor);
- return 0;
- error:
- if (dev)
- /* this frees allocated memory */
- kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
- return retval;
- }
通过上面分析,我们知道,usb_driver的probe函数中根据usb_interface的成员寻找第一个批量输入和输出的端点,将端点地址、缓冲区等信息存入USB骨架程序定义的usb_skel结构体中,并将usb_skel通过usb_set_intfdata传为USB接口的私有数据,最后注册USB设备。
我们来看看这个USB骨架程序定义的usb_skel结构体
- /* Structure to hold all of our device specific stuff */
- struct usb_skel {
- struct usb_device *udev; /* the usb device for this device */
- struct usb_interface *interface; /* the interface for this device */
- struct semaphore limit_sem; /* limiting the number of writes in progress */
- struct usb_anchor submitted; /* in case we need to retract our submissions */
- struct urb *bulk_in_urb; /* the urb to read data with */
- unsigned char *bulk_in_buffer; /* the buffer to receive data */
- size_t bulk_in_size; /* the size of the receive buffer */
- size_t bulk_in_filled; /* number of bytes in the buffer */
- size_t bulk_in_copied; /* already copied to user space */
- __u8 bulk_in_endpointAddr; /* the address of the bulk in endpoint */
- __u8 bulk_out_endpointAddr; /* the address of the bulk out endpoint */
- int errors; /* the last request tanked */
- int open_count; /* count the number of openers */
- bool ongoing_read; /* a read is going on */
- bool processed_urb; /* indicates we haven't processed the urb */
- spinlock_t err_lock; /* lock for errors */
- struct kref kref;
- struct mutex io_mutex; /* synchronize I/O with disconnect */
- struct completion bulk_in_completion; /* to wait for an ongoing read */
- };
- #define to_skel_dev(d) container_of(d, struct usb_skel, kref)
好了看完了probe,我们再看看disconnect函数
- static void skel_disconnect(struct usb_interface *interface)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev;
- int minor = interface->minor; //获得接口的次设备号
- dev = usb_get_intfdata(interface); //获取接口的私有数据
- usb_set_intfdata(interface, NULL); //设置接口的私有数据为空
- /* give back our minor */
- usb_deregister_dev(interface, &skel_class); //注销USB设备
- /* prevent more I/O from starting */
- mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
- dev->interface = NULL;
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- usb_kill_anchored_urbs(&dev->submitted);
- /* decrement our usage count */
- kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
- dev_info(&interface->dev, "USB Skeleton #%d now disconnected", minor);
- }
我们在skel_probe中最后执行了usb_register_dev(interface, &skel_class)来注册了一个USB设备,我们看看skel_class的定义
- /*
- * usb class driver info in order to get a minor number from the usb core,
- * and to have the device registered with the driver core
- */
- static struct usb_class_driver skel_class = {
- .name = "skel%d",
- .fops = &skel_fops,
- .minor_base = USB_SKEL_MINOR_BASE,
- };
- static const struct file_operations skel_fops = {
- .owner = THIS_MODULE,
- .read = skel_read,
- .write = skel_write,
- .open = skel_open,
- .release = skel_release,
- .flush = skel_flush,
- .llseek = noop_llseek,
- };
根据上面代码我们知道,其实我们在probe中注册USB设备的时候使用的skel_class是一个包含file_operations的结构体,而这个结构体正是字符设备文件操作结构体。
我们先来看看这个file_operations中open函数的实现
- static int skel_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev;
- struct usb_interface *interface;
- int subminor;
- int retval = 0;
- subminor = iminor(inode); //获得次设备号
- //根据usb_driver和次设备号获取设备的接口
- interface = usb_find_interface(&skel_driver, subminor);
- if (!interface) {
- err("%s - error, can't find device for minor %d",
- __func__, subminor);
- retval = -ENODEV;
- goto exit;
- }
- dev = usb_get_intfdata(interface); //获取接口的私有数据usb_ske
- if (!dev) {
- retval = -ENODEV;
- goto exit;
- }
- /* increment our usage count for the device */
- kref_get(&dev->kref);
- /* lock the device to allow correctly handling errors
- * in resumption */
- mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
- if (!dev->open_count++) {
- retval = usb_autopm_get_interface(interface);
- if (retval) {
- dev->open_count--;
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
- goto exit;
- }
- } /* else { //uncomment this block if you want exclusive open
- retval = -EBUSY;
- dev->open_count--;
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
- goto exit;
- } */
- /* prevent the device from being autosuspended */
- /* save our object in the file's private structure */
- file->private_data = dev; //将usb_skel设置为文件的私有数据
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- exit:
- return retval;
- }
这个open函数实现非常简单,它根据usb_driver和次设备号通过usb_find_interface获取USB接口,然后通过usb_get_intfdata获得接口的私有数据并赋值给文件。
好了,我们看看write函数,在write函数中,我们进行了urb的分配、初始化和提交的操作
- static ssize_t skel_write(struct file *file, const char *user_buffer,
- size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev;
- int retval = 0;
- struct urb *urb = NULL;
- char *buf = NULL;
- size_t writesize = min(count, (size_t)MAX_TRANSFER); //待写数据大小
- dev = file->private_data; //获取文件的私有数据
- /* verify that we actually have some data to write */
- if (count == 0)
- goto exit;
- /*
- * limit the number of URBs in flight to stop a user from using up all
- * RAM
- */
- if (!(file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK)) { //如果文件采用非阻塞方式
- if (down_interruptible(&dev->limit_sem)) { //获取限制读的次数的信号量
- retval = -ERESTARTSYS;
- goto exit;
- }
- } else {
- if (down_trylock(&dev->limit_sem)) {
- retval = -EAGAIN;
- goto exit;
- }
- }
- spin_lock_irq(&dev->err_lock); //关中断
- retval = dev->errors;
- if (retval < 0) {
- /* any error is reported once */
- dev->errors = 0;
- /* to preserve notifications about reset */
- retval = (retval == -EPIPE) ? retval : -EIO;
- }
- spin_unlock_irq(&dev->err_lock); //开中断
- if (retval < 0)
- goto error;
- /* create a urb, and a buffer for it, and copy the data to the urb */
- urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL); //分配urb
- if (!urb) {
- retval = -ENOMEM;
- goto error;
- }
- buf = usb_alloc_coherent(dev->udev, writesize, GFP_KERNEL,
- &urb->transfer_dma); //分配写缓冲区
- if (!buf) {
- retval = -ENOMEM;
- goto error;
- }
- //将用户空间数据拷贝到缓冲区
- if (copy_from_user(buf, user_buffer, writesize)) {
- retval = -EFAULT;
- goto error;
- }
- /* this lock makes sure we don't submit URBs to gone devices */
- mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
- if (!dev->interface) { /* disconnect() was called */
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- retval = -ENODEV;
- goto error;
- }
- /* initialize the urb properly */
- usb_fill_bulk_urb(urb, dev->udev,
- usb_sndbulkpipe(dev->udev, dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr),
- buf, writesize, skel_write_bulk_callback, dev); //填充urb
- urb->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP; //urb->transfer_dma有效
- usb_anchor_urb(urb, &dev->submitted);
- /* send the data out the bulk port */
- retval = usb_submit_urb(urb, GFP_KERNEL); //提交urb
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- if (retval) {
- err("%s - failed submitting write urb, error %d", __func__,
- retval);
- goto error_unanchor;
- }
- /*
- * release our reference to this urb, the USB core will eventually free
- * it entirely
- */
- usb_free_urb(urb);
- return writesize;
- error_unanchor:
- usb_unanchor_urb(urb);
- error:
- if (urb) {
- usb_free_coherent(dev->udev, writesize, buf, urb->transfer_dma);
- usb_free_urb(urb);
- }
- up(&dev->limit_sem);
- exit:
- return retval;
- }
首先说明一个问题,填充urb后,设置了transfer_flags标志,当transfer_flags中的URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP被设置,USB核心使用transfer_dma指向的缓冲区而不是使用transfer_buffer 指向的缓冲区,这表明即将传输DMA缓冲区。当transfer_flags中的URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP被设置,如果控制urb有 DMA缓冲区,USB核心将使用setup_dma指向的缓冲区而不是使用setup_packet指向的缓冲区。
另外,通过上面这个write函数我们知道,当写函数发起的urb结束后,其完成函数skel_write_bulk_callback会被调用,我们继续跟踪
- static void skel_write_bulk_callback(struct urb *urb)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev;
- dev = urb->context;
- /* sync/async unlink faults aren't errors */
- if (urb->status) {
- if (!(urb->status == -ENOENT ||
- urb->status == -ECONNRESET ||
- urb->status == -ESHUTDOWN))
- err("%s - nonzero write bulk status received: %d",
- __func__, urb->status);
- spin_lock(&dev->err_lock);
- dev->errors = urb->status;
- spin_unlock(&dev->err_lock);
- }
- /* free up our allocated buffer */
- usb_free_coherent(urb->dev, urb->transfer_buffer_length,
- urb->transfer_buffer, urb->transfer_dma);
- up(&dev->limit_sem);
- }
很明显,skel_write_bulk_callback主要对urb->status进行判断,根据错误提示显示错误信息,然后释放urb空间。
接着,我们看看USB骨架程序的字符设备的read函数
- static ssize_t skel_read(struct file *file, char *buffer, size_t count,
- loff_t *ppos)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev;
- int rv;
- bool ongoing_io;
- dev = file->private_data; //获得文件私有数据
- /* if we cannot read at all, return EOF */
- if (!dev->bulk_in_urb || !count) //正在写的时候禁止读操作
- return 0;
- /* no concurrent readers */
- rv = mutex_lock_interruptible(&dev->io_mutex);
- if (rv < 0)
- return rv;
- if (!dev->interface) { /* disconnect() was called */
- rv = -ENODEV;
- goto exit;
- }
- /* if IO is under way, we must not touch things */
- retry:
- spin_lock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
- ongoing_io = dev->ongoing_read;
- spin_unlock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
- if (ongoing_io) { //USB core正在读取数据,数据没准备好
- /* nonblocking IO shall not wait */
- if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
- rv = -EAGAIN;
- goto exit;
- }
- /*
- * IO may take forever
- * hence wait in an interruptible state
- */
- rv = wait_for_completion_interruptible(&dev->bulk_in_completion);
- if (rv < 0)
- goto exit;
- /*
- * by waiting we also semiprocessed the urb
- * we must finish now
- */
- dev->bulk_in_copied = 0; //拷贝到用户空间操作已成功
- dev->processed_urb = 1; //目前已处理好urb
- }
- if (!dev->processed_urb) { //目前还未处理好urb
- /*
- * the URB hasn't been processed
- * do it now
- */
- wait_for_completion(&dev->bulk_in_completion); //等待完成
- dev->bulk_in_copied = 0; //拷贝到用户空间操作已成功
- dev->processed_urb = 1; //目前已处理好urb
- }
- /* errors must be reported */
- rv = dev->errors;
- if (rv < 0) {
- /* any error is reported once */
- dev->errors = 0;
- /* to preserve notifications about reset */
- rv = (rv == -EPIPE) ? rv : -EIO;
- /* no data to deliver */
- dev->bulk_in_filled = 0;
- /* report it */
- goto exit;
- }
- /*
- * if the buffer is filled we may satisfy the read
- * else we need to start IO
- */
- if (dev->bulk_in_filled) { //缓冲区有内容
- /* we had read data */
- //可读数据大小为缓冲区内容减去已经拷贝到用户空间的数据大小
- size_t available = dev->bulk_in_filled - dev->bulk_in_copied;
- size_t chunk = min(available, count); //真正读取的数据大小
- if (!available) {
- /*
- * all data has been used
- * actual IO needs to be done
- */
- rv = skel_do_read_io(dev, count);
- if (rv < 0)
- goto exit;
- else
- goto retry;
- }
- /*
- * data is available
- * chunk tells us how much shall be copied
- */
- //拷贝缓冲区数据到用户空间
- if (copy_to_user(buffer,
- dev->bulk_in_buffer + dev->bulk_in_copied,
- chunk))
- rv = -EFAULT;
- else
- rv = chunk;
- dev->bulk_in_copied += chunk; //目前拷贝完成的数据大小
- /*
- * if we are asked for more than we have,
- * we start IO but don't wait
- */
- if (available < count)
- skel_do_read_io(dev, count - chunk);
- } else {
- /* no data in the buffer */
- rv = skel_do_read_io(dev, count);
- if (rv < 0)
- goto exit;
- else if (!(file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK))
- goto retry;
- rv = -EAGAIN;
- }
- exit:
- mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
- return rv;
- }
通过上面read函数,我们知道,在读取数据时候,如果发现缓冲区没有数据,或者缓冲区的数据小于用户需要读取的数据量时,则会调用IO操作,也就是skel_do_read_io函数。
- static int skel_do_read_io(struct usb_skel *dev, size_t count)
- {
- int rv;
- /* prepare a read */
- usb_fill_bulk_urb(dev->bulk_in_urb,dev->udev,usb_rcvbulkpipe(dev->udev,
- dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr),dev->bulk_in_buffer,
- min(dev->bulk_in_size, count),skel_read_bulk_callback,dev); //填充urb
- /* tell everybody to leave the URB alone */
- spin_lock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
- dev->ongoing_read = 1; //标志正在读取数据中
- spin_unlock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
- rv = usb_submit_urb(dev->bulk_in_urb, GFP_KERNEL); //提交urb
- if (rv < 0) {
- err("%s - failed submitting read urb, error %d",
- __func__, rv);
- dev->bulk_in_filled = 0;
- rv = (rv == -ENOMEM) ? rv : -EIO;
- spin_lock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
- dev->ongoing_read = 0;
- spin_unlock_irq(&dev->err_lock);
- }
- return rv;
- }
好了,其实skel_do_read_io只是完成了urb的填充和提交,USB core读取到了数据后,会调用填充urb时设置的回调函数skel_read_bulk_callback。
- static void skel_read_bulk_callback(struct urb *urb)
- {
- struct usb_skel *dev;
- dev = urb->context;
- spin_lock(&dev->err_lock);
- /* sync/async unlink faults aren't errors */
- if (urb->status) {//根据返回状态判断是否出错
- if (!(urb->status == -ENOENT ||
- urb->status == -ECONNRESET ||
- urb->status == -ESHUTDOWN))
- err("%s - nonzero write bulk status received: %d",
- __func__, urb->status);
- dev->errors = urb->status;
- } else {
- dev->bulk_in_filled = urb->actual_length; //记录缓冲区的大小
- }
- dev->ongoing_read = 0; //已经读取数据完毕
- spin_unlock(&dev->err_lock);
- complete(&dev->bulk_in_completion); //唤醒skel_read函数
- }
到目前为止,我们已经把USB驱动框架usb-skeleton.c分析完了,总结下,其实很简单,在模块加载里面注册 usb_driver,然后在probe函数里初始化一些参数,最重要的是注册了USB设备,这个USB设备相当于一个字符设备,提供 file_operations接口。然后设计open,close,read,write函数,这个open里基本没做什么事情,在write中,通过分配urb、填充urb和提交urb。注意读的urb的分配在probe里申请空间,写的urb的分配在write里申请空间。在这个驱动程序中,我们重点掌握usb_fill_bulk_urb的设计
posted on 2013-03-09 17:04 lightsalt2011 阅读(961) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报