SQL关键字的执行顺序

1)Mysql语法顺序，即当sql中存在下面的关键字时，它们要保持这样的顺序：

 

select[distinct]
from
join（如left join）
on
where
group by
having
union
order by
limit

 

 

2)Mysql执行顺序，即在执行时sql按照下面的顺序进行执行：

 

from
on
join
where
group by
having
select
distinct
union
order by

3)针对上面的Mysql语法顺序和执行顺序，循序渐进进行学习：

 

建立如下表格orders：

注：下面所有语句符合语法顺序(也不可能不符合，因为会报错^_^)，只分析其执行顺序：(join和on属于多表查询，放在最后展示)

语句一：

 

select a.Customer
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams'

分析一：首先是from语句找到表格，然后根据where得到符合条件的记录，最后select出需要的字段，结果如下：

 

语句二groupby：groupby要和聚合函数一起使用

 

select a.Customer,sum(a.OrderPrice)
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams'
group by a.Customer

分析二：在from，where执行后，执行group by，同时也根据group by的字段，执行sum这个聚合函数。这样的话得到的记录对group by的字段来说是不重复的，结果如下：

 

语句三having：

 

select a.Customer,sum(a.OrderPrice)
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000

分析三：由于where是在group之前执行，那么如何对group by的结果进行筛选，就用到了having，结果如下：

 

语句四distinct： （为测试，先把数据库中Adams那条记录的OrderPrice改为3000）

 

select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice)
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1700

分析四：将得到一条记录（没有distinct，将会是两条同样的记录）：

 

语句五union：完全是对select的结果进行合并（默认去掉重复的记录）：

 

select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As Order1
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
union
select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As Order1
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000

分析五：默认去掉重复记录（想保留重复记录使用union all），结果如下：

 

语句六order by：

 

select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
union
select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
order by order1

分析：升序排序，结果如下：

 

语句七limit：

 

select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
union
select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
from orders a
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
order by order1
limit 1

分析七：取出结果中的前1条记录，结果如下：

 

语句八（上面基本讲完，下面是join 和 on）：

 

select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1,sum(d.OrderPrice) As order2
from orders a
left join (select c.* from Orders c) d
on a.O_Id = d.O_Id
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
union
select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1,sum(e.OrderPrice) As order2
from orders a
left join (select c.* from Orders c) e
on a.O_Id = e.O_Id
where a.Customer='Bush' or a.Customer = 'Adams' or a.Customer = 'Carter'
group by a.Customer
having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
order by order1
limit 1

分析八：上述语句其实join on就是多连接了一张表，而且是两张一样的表，都是Orders。 执行过程是，在执行from关键字之后根据on指定的条件，把left join指定的表格数据附在from指定的表格后面，然后再执行where字句。

 

注：

1)使用distinct要写在所有要查询字段的前面，后面有几个字段，就代表修饰几个字段，而不是紧随distinct的字段；

2)group by执行后(有聚合函数)，group by后面的字段在结果中一定是唯一的，也就不需要针对这个字段用distinct；