Pandas 简介

Pandas 简介

pandas 是 python 内基于 NumPy 的一种工具,主要目的是为了解决数据分析任务。Pandas 包含了大量库和一些标准的数据模型,提供了高效地操作大型数据集所需的工具。

学习 pandas 需要主要掌握的技能包括

  1. 汇总和计算描述统计,处理缺失数据 ,层次化索引;
  2. 清理、转换、合并、重塑、groupby 技术;
  3. 日期和时间数据类型及工具(日期处理方便地飞起);

本文参考主要介绍包括 Python科学计算:庖丁解牛之Pandas10 Minutes to pandas

数据类型

pandas 包含两个主要数据类型为 SeriesDataFrame,其中 Series 为一位向量,DataFrame 为二维数组。

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])

利用 NumPy 数组可以构造 DataFrame 数组,如下所示

In [5]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)

In [6]: dates
Out[6]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [7]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))

In [8]: df
Out[8]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

数据可视化

为了对数据进行可视化,pandas包含了多种方法。基本可视化功能包括:观察头部与底部数据

In [13]: df.head()
Out[13]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

In [14]: df.tail(3)
Out[14]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

显示数据索引:

In [15]: df.index
Out[15]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [16]: df.columns
Out[16]: Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')

DataFrame.to_numpy() 可以将数据转化为 NumPy 数组类型。注意,这种方法在 DataFrame 内包含多种数组类型时可能会需要较长的转化时间,因为 NumPy 仅有一种数据类型。此外,DataFrame.to_numpy() 在输出时候不包括索引和标签列。

describe() 可以显示数据的快速统计摘要:

In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

数据转置:

In [20]: df.T
Out[20]: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

按轴排序:

In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

按值排序:

In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')
Out[22]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

数据访问

为了进一步对DataFrame中数据进行操作,需要掌握数据的访问方法。在pandas中,提供了多种数据访问形式。

切片

在DataFrame中选取一个单列时,相当于构造一个Series对象

In [23]: df['A']
Out[23]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

通过 [] 可以对数据部分进行选择,获得仅包含部分索引的切片数据

In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

通过标签切片

DataFrame中也可以通过数据的标签进行选取。

首先,DataFrame中数据标签类似于矩阵的列,但是标签除了数字形式,可以有更加直观的名称,如字符串等。下图展示了DataFrame中按照标签截取的主要方法

同时,也可以按照索引进行切片,在DataFrame中,索引类似矩阵的行号。在调用 loc 进行切片时,只要输入一个参数即可选取特定行

In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

此时截取后数据为原始数据中第一行索引,类型为 Series 数据。
当然也可以在多轴上选择:

In [27]: df.loc[:, ['A', 'B']]
Out[27]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

其中第一个标签 : 代表选取所有索引。也可以同时选取索引和标签列:

In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104', ['A', 'B']]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

当确定数据的索引和标签时候,也可以用 at 命令快速访问,iat 为按照序号索引进行访问,二者对应如下午所示

In [31]: df.at[dates[0], 'A']
Out[31]: 0.4691122999071863

总结来说,在索引或切片 DataFrame时,可以用基于位置的 at 和 loc,二者功能是相似的。

通过编号选取

除了标签,也可以用整数编号对数据某行索引进行选择,与 loc 对应的有 iloc:

In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

通过两个序列编号方法则与 numpy 中数据读取类似

In [33]: df.iloc[3:5, 0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

也可以用列表形式选取索引

In [34]: df.iloc[[1, 2, 4], [0, 2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

也可以用整数编号作为索引快速访问数组内容

In [38]: df.iat[1, 1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

布尔索引

在 DataFrame 中可以用单列值选择数据

In [39]: df[df.A > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

也可以用满足布尔条件的DataFrame中选择值

In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

赋值

当为DataFrame赋值新的列时,将按照索引自动对齐数据。

In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))

In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

In [47]: df['F'] = s1

按照上面数据读取方法,也可按照索引进行赋值:

In [48]: df.at[dates[0], 'A'] = 0
In [49]: df.iat[0, 1] = 0
In [50]: df.loc[:, 'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))

缺失数据处理

重新索引时允许更改/删除/添加指定轴上索引,并返回数据的副本

In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])

In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1

In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  NaN

删除缺少数据行可以用 dropna 方法计算

In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

也可用 fillna 填充丢失数据

In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  5.0

数据操作

数据统计

可以用函数对各列或行数据进行统计

In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64
In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

函数计算

可以将函数应用于数据计算

In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0

In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

字符串方法

Series 在 str 属性中配备了字符串方法,可以对数据每个元素进行操作。

In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])

In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

数据合并

数据结合

pandas 可将 Series 和 DataFrame 对象与各种用于索引和关系的功能组合在一起。

In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [74]: df
Out[74]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

# break it into pieces
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]

In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

插入

插入时可按照 SQL 样式进行插入

In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})

In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

In [79]: left
Out[79]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2

In [80]: right
Out[80]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5

In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[81]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

另一个类似的示例为

In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})

In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})

In [84]: left
Out[84]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  bar     2

In [85]: right
Out[85]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  bar     5

In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[86]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  bar     2     5

增加数据

append 命令可以增加数据

In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

In [88]: df
Out[88]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758

In [89]: s = df.iloc[3]

In [90]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
Out[90]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
8  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610

数据分组

数据分组可将 DataFrame 中功能独立地应用于每个组

In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
   ....:                          'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
   ....:                    'B': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
   ....:                          'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
   ....:                    'C': np.random.randn(8),
   ....:                    'D': np.random.randn(8)})
   ....: 

In [92]: df
Out[92]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -1.202872 -0.055224
1  bar    one -1.814470  2.395985
2  foo    two  1.018601  1.552825
3  bar  three -0.595447  0.166599
4  foo    two  1.395433  0.047609
5  bar    two -0.392670 -0.136473
6  foo    one  0.007207 -0.561757
7  foo  three  1.928123 -1.623033
In [93]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[93]: 
            C        D
A                     
bar -2.802588  2.42611
foo  3.146492 -0.63958

数据重构

首先对 DataFram 数据表进行初始化

In [105]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3,
   .....:                    'B': ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
   .....:                    'C': ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
   .....:                    'D': np.random.randn(12),
   .....:                    'E': np.random.randn(12)})
   .....: 

In [106]: df
Out[106]: 
        A  B    C         D         E
0     one  A  foo  1.418757 -0.179666
1     one  B  foo -1.879024  1.291836
2     two  C  foo  0.536826 -0.009614
3   three  A  bar  1.006160  0.392149
4     one  B  bar -0.029716  0.264599
5     one  C  bar -1.146178 -0.057409
6     two  A  foo  0.100900 -1.425638
7   three  B  foo -1.035018  1.024098
8     one  C  foo  0.314665 -0.106062
9     one  A  bar -0.773723  1.824375
10    two  B  bar -1.170653  0.595974
11  three  C  bar  0.648740  1.167115

数据透视表可通过 pivot_table 方法生成数据透视表,其中 values 为表值,index 为透视表索引,columns 为数据列名。

In [107]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])
Out[107]: 
C             bar       foo
A     B                    
one   A -0.773723  1.418757
      B -0.029716 -1.879024
      C -1.146178  0.314665
three A  1.006160       NaN
      B       NaN -1.035018
      C  0.648740       NaN
two   A       NaN  0.100900
      B -1.170653       NaN
      C       NaN  0.536826

时间序列

数据类别

数据绘图

当使用 plot 函数时,可以很方便地绘制带有标签的所有列,并在图例中显示对应的标签名:

In [135]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000),
   .....:                index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
   .....: 

In [136]: ts = ts.cumsum()

In [137]: ts.plot()
Out[137]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f24a8b314d0>

数据IO

pandas 可从多种类型文件中获取数据,例如可以写入或读取csv文件

In [143]: df.to_csv('foo.csv')

In [144]: pd.read_csv('foo.csv')
Out[144]: 
     Unnamed: 0          A          B         C          D
0    2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
1    2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2    2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
3    2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
4    2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
..          ...        ...        ...       ...        ...
995  2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
996  2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
997  2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
998  2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
999  2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368

[1000 rows x 5 columns]

写入或读取 HDF5 文件

In [145]: df.to_hdf('foo.h5', 'df')

In [146]: pd.read_hdf('foo.h5', 'df')
Out[146]: 
                    A          B         C          D
2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
...               ...        ...       ...        ...
2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368

[1000 rows x 4 columns]

写入或读取 excel 文件

In [147]: df.to_excel('foo.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')

In [148]: pd.read_excel('foo.xlsx', 'Sheet1', index_col=None, na_values=['NA'])
Out[148]: 
    Unnamed: 0          A          B         C          D
0   2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
1   2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2   2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
3   2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
4   2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
..         ...        ...        ...       ...        ...
995 2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
996 2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
997 2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
998 2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
999 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368

[1000 rows x 5 columns]
posted @ 2019-10-02 21:22  li12242  阅读(565)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报