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scrapy框架(2)

一、使用scrapy框架发送post请求

1、需求一:使用scrapy发送百度翻译中的ajax请求

  创建一个项目,如下目录,修改settings.py文件中的 "ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"和"USER_AGENT"

# postPro/postPro/spiders/post.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy


class PostSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'post'
    # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com']
    start_urls = ['https://fanyi.baidu.com/sug']

    def start_requests(self):
        data = {
            "kw":"dog"
        }
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield scrapy.FormRequest(url=url, formdata=data, callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.text)

2、需求二:基于scrapy实现模拟登录

  自己尝试实现!

二、请求传参

  我们知道有时候需要爬取的数据并不是都在一个页面中,而是在不同页面中,这时候用scrapy框架该如何做呢?下面以爬取:https://www.4567tv.tv/frim/index1.html 中的数据为例说明。

1、创建一个项目,目录结构如下,并修改settings.py文件中的 "ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"和"USER_AGENT"

2、各文件内容如下

# moviePro/moviePro/spiders/movie.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy

from moviePro.items import MovieproItem

class MovieSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'movie'
    # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com']
    start_urls = ['https://www.4567tv.tv/frim/index1.html']

  # 解析详情页中的数据
    def parse_detail(self, response):
     # response.meta 返回接收到的meta字典
        item = response.meta['item'] 
        actor = response.xpath('/html/body/div[1]/div/div/div/div[2]/p[3]/a/text()').extract_first()
        item['actor'] = actor

        yield item


    def parse(self, response):
        li_list = response.xpath('//li[@class="col-md-6 col-sm-4 col-xs-3"]')
        for li in li_list:
            item = MovieproItem()
            name = li.xpath('./div/a/@title').extract_first()
            detail_url = 'https://www.4567tv.tv' + li.xpath('./div/a/@href').extract_first()
            item['name'] = name
            yield scrapy.Request(url=detail_url, callback=self.parse_detail, meta={'item': item})
# moviePro/moviePro/items.py

import scrapy

class MovieproItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    name = scrapy.Field()
    actor = scrapy.Field()
# moviePro/moviePro/pipelines.py

class MovieproPipeline(object):
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        print(item)
        return item

  注意:要将settings.py中的"ITEM_PIPELINES"放开注释!

3、运行结果

三、日志等级

1、修改日志等级

  通过修改settings.py中的参数 LOG_LEVEL 来修改日志等级,比如可以改为 ERROR

# settings.py
LOG_LEVEL = "ERROR"
2、指定日志输出文件
# settings.py
LOG_FILE = './log.txt'

四、scrapy的五大核心组件

1、五大核心组件工作流程如下图:

  解释如下:

  - 引擎(Scrapy)

    用来处理整个系统的数据流处理,触发事务(框架核心)

  - 调度器(Scheduler)

    用来接收引擎发过来的请求,压入队列中,并在引擎再次请求的时候返回,可以想象成一个URL(抓取网页的网址或者说是链接)的优先队列,由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么,同时去除重复的网址

  - 下载器(Downloader)

    用于下载网页内容,并将网页内容返回给蜘蛛(Scrapy下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的)

  - 爬虫(Spiders)

    爬虫是主要干活的,用于从特定的网页中提取自己需要的信息,即所谓的实体(Item)。用户也可以从中提取出链接,让scrapy继续抓取下一个页面

  - 项目管道(Pipeline)

    负责处理爬虫从网页中抽取的实体,主要的功能是持久化实体,验证实体的有效性,清除不需要的信息。当页面被爬虫解析后,将被发送到项目管道,并经过几个特定的次序处理数据

2、案例一

  当批量请求时,对不同的请求使用不同的UA伪装和IP代理,可以利用DownloaderMiddleware,新建一个项目,目录结构如下:

  各文件内容如下:

# middlePro/middlePro/middlewares.py

import random

from scrapy import signals


class MiddleproDownloaderMiddleware(object):

    user_agent_list = [
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
    ]
    # 可被选用的代理IP
    PROXY_http = [
        '153.180.102.104:80',
        '195.208.131.189:56055',
    ]
    PROXY_https = [
        '120.83.49.90:9000',
        '95.189.112.214:35508',
    ]

    # 拦截所有未发生异常的请求
    def process_request(self, request, spider):

        # 使用UA池进行请求的UA伪装
        request.headers["User-Agent"] = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)
        print(request.headers['User-Agent'])
        return None


    # 拦截所有的响应
    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        return response


    # 拦截到产生异常的请求
    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        print('this is process_exception!')
        if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http':
            request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_http)
        else:
            request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_https)
# middlePro/middlePro/spiders/middle.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy


class MiddleSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'middle'
    allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com']
    start_urls = ['https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=ip']

    def parse(self, response):
        pass

  注意:settings.py中的参数 "DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES" 解开注释!

3、案例二

  抓取网易新闻"军事"模块(http://war.163.com/)的页面信息,注意动态加载。

  思路提示:页面是有动态加载信息,因此我们要使用selenium模块。

  新建一个scrapy项目,目录结构如下:

  各文件代码如下:

# wangyiPro/wangyiPro/spieders/wangyi.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from selenium import webdriver

class WangyiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'wangyi'
    # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com']
    start_urls = ['http://war.163.com/']

    def __init__(self):
        self.bro = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=r'D:\@Lily\myproject\pachong\chromedriver.exe')


    def parse(self, response):
        div_list = response.xpath('//div[@class="data_row news_article clearfix "]')
        for div in div_list:
            title = div.xpath('.//div[@class="news_title"]/h3/a/text()').extract_first()
            print(title)


    def closed(self, spider):
        print('关闭浏览器对象!')
        self.bro.quit()
# wangyiPro/wangyiPro/middlewares.py

from time import sleep
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse


class WangyiproDownloaderMiddleware(object):
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return s

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # 获取动态加载出来的数据
        bro = spider.bro
        bro.get(url=request.url)
        sleep(3)
        # 包含了动态加载出来的新闻数据
        page_text = bro.page_source
        sleep(3)
        return HtmlResponse(url=spider.bro.current_url, body=page_text, encoding='utf-8', request=request)


    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        pass

  注意:settings.py文件中要配置好参数"ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"和"ROBOTSTXT_OBEY",并且解开中间件参数"DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES"的注释。

  运行结果如下:

  总结:在scrapy中使用selenium的编码流程:

  1)在spider的构造方法中创建一个浏览器对象(作为当前spider的一个属性)
  2)重写spider的一个方法closed(self,spider),在该方法中执行浏览器关闭的操作
  3)在下载中间件的process_response方法中,通过spider参数获取浏览器对象
  4)在中间件的process_response中定制基于浏览器自动化的操作代码(获取动态加载出来的页面源码数据)
  5)实例化一个响应对象,且将page_source返回的页面源码封装到该对象中
  6)返回该新的响应对象

五、相关参考博客

  https://www.cnblogs.com/bobo-zhang/p/10069001.html

  https://www.cnblogs.com/bobo-zhang/p/10069004.html

  https://www.cnblogs.com/bobo-zhang/p/10013011.html

posted @ 2019-03-04 11:01  勇敢的巨蟹座  阅读(248)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报