scrapy框架(2)
一、使用scrapy框架发送post请求
1、需求一:使用scrapy发送百度翻译中的ajax请求
创建一个项目,如下目录,修改settings.py文件中的 "ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"和"USER_AGENT"
# postPro/postPro/spiders/post.py # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy class PostSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'post' # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com'] start_urls = ['https://fanyi.baidu.com/sug'] def start_requests(self): data = { "kw":"dog" } for url in self.start_urls: yield scrapy.FormRequest(url=url, formdata=data, callback=self.parse) def parse(self, response): print(response.text)
2、需求二:基于scrapy实现模拟登录
自己尝试实现!
二、请求传参
我们知道有时候需要爬取的数据并不是都在一个页面中,而是在不同页面中,这时候用scrapy框架该如何做呢?下面以爬取:https://www.4567tv.tv/frim/index1.html 中的数据为例说明。
1、创建一个项目,目录结构如下,并修改settings.py文件中的 "ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"和"USER_AGENT"
2、各文件内容如下
# moviePro/moviePro/spiders/movie.py # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy from moviePro.items import MovieproItem class MovieSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'movie' # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com'] start_urls = ['https://www.4567tv.tv/frim/index1.html'] # 解析详情页中的数据 def parse_detail(self, response): # response.meta 返回接收到的meta字典 item = response.meta['item'] actor = response.xpath('/html/body/div[1]/div/div/div/div[2]/p[3]/a/text()').extract_first() item['actor'] = actor yield item def parse(self, response): li_list = response.xpath('//li[@class="col-md-6 col-sm-4 col-xs-3"]') for li in li_list: item = MovieproItem() name = li.xpath('./div/a/@title').extract_first() detail_url = 'https://www.4567tv.tv' + li.xpath('./div/a/@href').extract_first() item['name'] = name yield scrapy.Request(url=detail_url, callback=self.parse_detail, meta={'item': item})
# moviePro/moviePro/items.py import scrapy class MovieproItem(scrapy.Item): # define the fields for your item here like: # name = scrapy.Field() name = scrapy.Field() actor = scrapy.Field()
# moviePro/moviePro/pipelines.py class MovieproPipeline(object): def process_item(self, item, spider): print(item) return item
注意:要将settings.py中的"ITEM_PIPELINES"放开注释!
3、运行结果
三、日志等级
1、修改日志等级
通过修改settings.py中的参数 LOG_LEVEL 来修改日志等级,比如可以改为 ERROR
# settings.py LOG_LEVEL = "ERROR"
2、指定日志输出文件
# settings.py LOG_FILE = './log.txt'
四、scrapy的五大核心组件
1、五大核心组件工作流程如下图:
解释如下:
- 引擎(Scrapy)
用来处理整个系统的数据流处理,触发事务(框架核心)
- 调度器(Scheduler)
用来接收引擎发过来的请求,压入队列中,并在引擎再次请求的时候返回,可以想象成一个URL(抓取网页的网址或者说是链接)的优先队列,由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么,同时去除重复的网址
- 下载器(Downloader)
用于下载网页内容,并将网页内容返回给蜘蛛(Scrapy下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的)
- 爬虫(Spiders)
爬虫是主要干活的,用于从特定的网页中提取自己需要的信息,即所谓的实体(Item)。用户也可以从中提取出链接,让scrapy继续抓取下一个页面
- 项目管道(Pipeline)
负责处理爬虫从网页中抽取的实体,主要的功能是持久化实体,验证实体的有效性,清除不需要的信息。当页面被爬虫解析后,将被发送到项目管道,并经过几个特定的次序处理数据
2、案例一
当批量请求时,对不同的请求使用不同的UA伪装和IP代理,可以利用DownloaderMiddleware,新建一个项目,目录结构如下:
各文件内容如下:
# middlePro/middlePro/middlewares.py import random from scrapy import signals class MiddleproDownloaderMiddleware(object): user_agent_list = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 " "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24" ] # 可被选用的代理IP PROXY_http = [ '153.180.102.104:80', '195.208.131.189:56055', ] PROXY_https = [ '120.83.49.90:9000', '95.189.112.214:35508', ] # 拦截所有未发生异常的请求 def process_request(self, request, spider): # 使用UA池进行请求的UA伪装 request.headers["User-Agent"] = random.choice(self.user_agent_list) print(request.headers['User-Agent']) return None # 拦截所有的响应 def process_response(self, request, response, spider): return response # 拦截到产生异常的请求 def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider): print('this is process_exception!') if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http': request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_http) else: request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_https)
# middlePro/middlePro/spiders/middle.py # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy class MiddleSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'middle' allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com'] start_urls = ['https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=ip'] def parse(self, response): pass
注意:settings.py中的参数 "DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES" 解开注释!
3、案例二
抓取网易新闻"军事"模块(http://war.163.com/)的页面信息,注意动态加载。
思路提示:页面是有动态加载信息,因此我们要使用selenium模块。
新建一个scrapy项目,目录结构如下:
各文件代码如下:
# wangyiPro/wangyiPro/spieders/wangyi.py # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy from selenium import webdriver class WangyiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'wangyi' # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com'] start_urls = ['http://war.163.com/'] def __init__(self): self.bro = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=r'D:\@Lily\myproject\pachong\chromedriver.exe') def parse(self, response): div_list = response.xpath('//div[@class="data_row news_article clearfix "]') for div in div_list: title = div.xpath('.//div[@class="news_title"]/h3/a/text()').extract_first() print(title) def closed(self, spider): print('关闭浏览器对象!') self.bro.quit()
# wangyiPro/wangyiPro/middlewares.py from time import sleep from scrapy import signals from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse class WangyiproDownloaderMiddleware(object): # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined, # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the # passed objects. @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders. s = cls() crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) return s def process_request(self, request, spider): return None def process_response(self, request, response, spider): # 获取动态加载出来的数据 bro = spider.bro bro.get(url=request.url) sleep(3) # 包含了动态加载出来的新闻数据 page_text = bro.page_source sleep(3) return HtmlResponse(url=spider.bro.current_url, body=page_text, encoding='utf-8', request=request) def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider): pass
注意:settings.py文件中要配置好参数"ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"和"ROBOTSTXT_OBEY",并且解开中间件参数"DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES"的注释。
运行结果如下:
总结:在scrapy中使用selenium的编码流程:
1)在spider的构造方法中创建一个浏览器对象(作为当前spider的一个属性)
2)重写spider的一个方法closed(self,spider),在该方法中执行浏览器关闭的操作
3)在下载中间件的process_response方法中,通过spider参数获取浏览器对象
4)在中间件的process_response中定制基于浏览器自动化的操作代码(获取动态加载出来的页面源码数据)
5)实例化一个响应对象,且将page_source返回的页面源码封装到该对象中
6)返回该新的响应对象
五、相关参考博客
https://www.cnblogs.com/bobo-zhang/p/10069001.html