数据库生态圈(RDB & NoSQL & Bigdata)——专注于关系库优化(Oracle & Mysql & Postgresql & SQL Server )

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Oracle12c中功能及性能新特点之with子句的增强

1. 设置
创建测试表。
DROP TABLE test PURGE;


CREATE TABLE test AS
SELECT 1 AS id
FROM   dual
CONNECT BY level <= 1000000;


2. WITH子句中的函数
WITH子句声明部分可用来定义函数,如下所示。
WITH
  FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
  BEGIN
    RETURN p_id;
  END;
SELECT with_function(id)
FROM   test
WHERE  rownum = 1
/


WITH_FUNCTION(ID)
-----------------
                1


SQL>
有意思的是,当WITH子句中包含PL/SQL声明时,分号";"不再能用作SQL语句的终止符。如果我们使用它,SQL*Plus会等待更多命令文本输入。即使在官方文档中,也是使用了分号“;”和反斜杠“/”的组合。 
从名字解析角度看,WITH子句PL/SQL声明部分定义的函数比当前模式中其他同名对象优先级要高。
3. WITH子句中的过程
即使不被使用,我们也可以在声明部分定义过程。
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON


WITH
  PROCEDURE with_procedure(p_id IN NUMBER) IS
  BEGIN
    DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('p_id=' || p_id);
  END;
SELECT id
FROM   test
WHERE  rownum = 1
/


        ID
----------
         1


SQL>
现实中,如果你打算从声明部分的函数中调用一个过程,你可以在声明部分定义一个过程。
WITH
  PROCEDURE with_procedure(p_id IN NUMBER) IS
  BEGIN
    DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('p_id=' || p_id);
  END;


  FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
  BEGIN
    with_procedure(p_id);
    RETURN p_id;
  END;
SELECT with_function(id)
FROM   test
WHERE  rownum = 1
/


WITH_FUNCTION(ID)
-----------------
                1


p_id=1
SQL>
4. PL/SQL支持
PL/SQL并不支持该特点。如果视图在PL/SQL中使用将会报编译错误,如下所示。
BEGIN
  FOR cur_rec IN (WITH
                    FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
                    BEGIN
                      RETURN p_id;
                    END;
                  SELECT with_function(id)
                  FROM   test
                  WHERE  rownum = 1)
  LOOP
    NULL;
  END LOOP;
END;
/
FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
                             *
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-06550: line 3, column 30:
PL/SQL: ORA-00905: missing keyword
ORA-06550: line 2, column 19:
PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored
ORA-06550: line 5, column 34:
PLS-00103: Encountered the symbol ";" when expecting one of the following:
loop




SQL>
使用动态SQL可以绕过这个限制。
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
  l_sql     VARCHAR2(32767);
  l_cursor  SYS_REFCURSOR;
  l_value   NUMBER;
BEGIN
  l_sql := 'WITH
              FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
              BEGIN
                RETURN p_id;
              END;
            SELECT with_function(id)
            FROM   test
            WHERE  rownum = 1';
  
  OPEN l_cursor FOR l_sql;
  FETCH l_cursor INTO l_value;
  DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('l_value=' || l_value);
  CLOSE l_cursor;
END;
/
l_value=1


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


SQL>
PL/SQL中将该特点用于静态SQL是未来版本的事情。
5. 性能优势
定义行内PL/SQL代码的原因是为了改善性能。下面创建常规函数来进行比较。
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION normal_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
BEGIN
  RETURN p_id;
END;
/
运行如下测试,测量行内函数查询消耗的时间和CPU。
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
  l_time    PLS_INTEGER;
  l_cpu     PLS_INTEGER;
  
  l_sql     VARCHAR2(32767);
  l_cursor  SYS_REFCURSOR;
  
  TYPE t_tab IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
  l_tab t_tab;
BEGIN
  l_time := DBMS_UTILITY.get_time;
  l_cpu  := DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time;


  l_sql := 'WITH
              FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
              BEGIN
                RETURN p_id;
              END;
            SELECT with_function(id)
            FROM   test';
            
  OPEN l_cursor FOR l_sql;
  FETCH l_cursor
  BULK COLLECT INTO l_tab;
  CLOSE l_cursor;
  
  DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('WITH_FUNCTION  : ' ||
                       'Time=' || TO_CHAR(DBMS_UTILITY.get_time - l_time) || ' hsecs ' ||
                       'CPU Time=' || (DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time - l_cpu) || ' hsecs ');


  l_time := DBMS_UTILITY.get_time;
  l_cpu  := DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time;


  l_sql := 'SELECT normal_function(id)
            FROM   test';
            
  OPEN l_cursor FOR l_sql;
  FETCH l_cursor
  BULK COLLECT INTO l_tab;
  CLOSE l_cursor;
  
  DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('NORMAL_FUNCTION: ' ||
                       'Time=' || TO_CHAR(DBMS_UTILITY.get_time - l_time) || ' hsecs ' ||
                       'CPU Time=' || (DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time - l_cpu) || ' hsecs ');
 
END;
/
WITH_FUNCTION  : Time=45 hsecs CPU Time=39 hsecs
NORMAL_FUNCTION: Time=129 hsecs CPU Time=113 hsecs


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


SQL>
从该测试可以看到,行内函数值消耗了普通函数三分之一的时间和CPU。
6. PRAGMA UDF
12c 版本前,人们经常会提到PRAGMA UDF,据说可通过行内PL/SQL来提升性能,同时,允许在SQL语句外定义PL/SQL对象。下列代码用PRAGMA重新定义之前的常规函数。
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION normal_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
  PRAGMA UDF;
BEGIN
  RETURN p_id;
END;
/
一旦函数被编译,从先前部分运行该函数会产生相当有趣的结果。
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
  l_time    PLS_INTEGER;
  l_cpu     PLS_INTEGER;
  
  l_sql     VARCHAR2(32767);
  l_cursor  SYS_REFCURSOR;
  
  TYPE t_tab IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
  l_tab t_tab;
BEGIN
  l_time := DBMS_UTILITY.get_time;
  l_cpu  := DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time;


  l_sql := 'WITH
              FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
              BEGIN
                RETURN p_id;
              END;
            SELECT with_function(id)
            FROM   test';
            
  OPEN l_cursor FOR l_sql;
  FETCH l_cursor
  BULK COLLECT INTO l_tab;
  CLOSE l_cursor;
  
  DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('WITH_FUNCTION  : ' ||
                       'Time=' || TO_CHAR(DBMS_UTILITY.get_time - l_time) || ' hsecs ' ||
                       'CPU Time=' || (DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time - l_cpu) || ' hsecs ');


  l_time := DBMS_UTILITY.get_time;
  l_cpu  := DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time;


  l_sql := 'SELECT normal_function(id)
            FROM   test';
            
  OPEN l_cursor FOR l_sql;
  FETCH l_cursor
  BULK COLLECT INTO l_tab;
  CLOSE l_cursor;
  
  DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('NORMAL_FUNCTION: ' ||
                       'Time=' || TO_CHAR(DBMS_UTILITY.get_time - l_time) || ' hsecs ' ||
                       'CPU Time=' || (DBMS_UTILITY.get_cpu_time - l_cpu) || ' hsecs ');
 
END;
/
WITH_FUNCTION  : Time=44 hsecs CPU Time=40 hsecs
NORMAL_FUNCTION: Time=33 hsecs CPU Time=29 hsecs


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


SQL>
用PRAGMA UDF的独立函数似乎一直比行内函数还快。
我以为从PL/SQL中调用PRAGMA UDF定义的函数会失败,可事实似乎不是这么个情况。
DECLARE
  l_number NUMBER;
BEGIN
  l_number := normal_function(1);
END;
/


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


SQL>
7. WITH_PLSQL Hint
如果包含PL/SQL声明部分的查询不是顶级查询,那么,顶级查询必须包含WITH_PLSQL hint。没有该hint,语句在编译时会失败,如下所示。
UPDATE test a
SET a.id = (WITH
              FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
              BEGIN
                RETURN p_id;
              END;
            SELECT with_function(a.id)
            FROM   dual);
/
SET a.id = (WITH
            *
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-32034: unsupported use of WITH clause




SQL>
加上WITH_PLSQL hint后,语句编译通过且如期运行。
UPDATE /*+ WITH_PLSQL */ t1 a
SET a.id = (WITH
              FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
              BEGIN
                RETURN p_id;
              END;
            SELECT with_function(a.id)
            FROM   dual);
/


1000000 rows updated.


SQL>
8. DETERMINISTIC Hint
就像刘易斯指出的那样,WITH子句中使用函数会阻止发生DETERMINISTIC优化。
SET TIMING ON ARRAYSIZE 15


WITH
  FUNCTION slow_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER DETERMINISTIC IS
  BEGIN
    DBMS_LOCK.sleep(1);
    RETURN p_id;
  END;
SELECT slow_function(id)
FROM   test
WHERE  ROWNUM <= 10;
/


SLOW_FUNCTION(ID)
-----------------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


10 rows selected.


Elapsed: 00:00:10.07
SQL>
9. 标量子查询缓冲
前面部分,我们看到行内函数定义对DETERMINISTIC hint优化上的负面影响。 庆幸的是,标量子查询缓冲并不被同样被影响。
SET TIMING ON


WITH
  FUNCTION slow_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER DETERMINISTIC IS
  BEGIN
    DBMS_LOCK.sleep(1);
    RETURN p_id;
  END;
SELECT (SELECT slow_function(id) FROM dual)
FROM   test
WHERE  ROWNUM <= 10;
/


(SELECTSLOW_FUNCTION(ID)FROMDUAL)
---------------------------------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


10 rows selected.


Elapsed: 00:00:01.04
SQL>

posted on 2018-05-20 16:06  lhdz_bj  阅读(918)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报