STM32启动文件详解
一、启动文件主要的作用
1、初始化堆栈指针SP
2、初始化PC指针
3、初始化中断向量表
4、配置系统时钟
5、调用C库函数_main，最终去到C的世界
二、startup_stm32f4xx.s代码解读
1、配置栈，用于变量（局部/全局）、函数调用
Stack_Size EQU 0x00000800 ;2KB
AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size
__initial_sp
;EQU:给数字常量取一个符号名，相当于 C 语言中的 define
;AREA：汇编一个新的代码段或数据段
;STACK:名字
;NOINIT:不初始化
;READWRITE:可读可写
;AlIGN:2的3次方，8字节对齐
;SPACE分配内存空间，单位字节
;__initial_sp：标号__initial_sp 紧挨着 SPACE 语句放置，表示栈的结束地址，即栈顶地址，栈是由高向低生长的。
2、配置堆，用于malloc等函数的动态内存分配
Heap_Size EQU 0x00000200 ;512 Bytes
AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
__heap_base ;EQU 0x10000000
Heap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size
__heap_limit ;EQU 0x10000
PRESERVE8
THUMB
;__heap_base表示堆的起始地址
;__heap_limit表示堆的结束地址
;堆是由低向高生长的，跟栈的生长方向相反。
;PRESERVE8:指定当前文件的堆栈按照 8 字节对齐。
;THUMB:表示后面指令兼容 THUMB 指令。THUBM 是 ARM 以前的指令集，16bit,现在Cortex-M系列的都使用THUMB-2指令集,
;THUMB-2 是 32 位的，兼容 16 位和 32 位的指令，是 THUMB 的超集。
3、初始化中断向量表
AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY
EXPORT __Vectors
EXPORT __Vectors_End
EXPORT __Vectors_Size
IMPORT OS_CPU_PendSVHandler
IMPORT OS_CPU_SysTickHandler
IMPORT STL_StartUp
;向量表其实是一个WORD（ 32 位整数）数组，每个下标对应一种异常，该下标元素的值则是该 ESR 的入口地址。
;向量表在地址空间中的位置是可以设置的，通过 NVIC 中的一个重定位寄存器来指出向量表的地址。
;在复位后，该寄存器的值为 0。因此，在地址 0 （即 FLASH 地址 0） 处必须包含一张向量表，用于初始时的异常分配。
;要注意的是这里有个另类： 0 号类型并不是什么入口地址，而是给出了复位后 MSP 的初值。
;EXPORT:声明一个标号可被外部的文件使用，使标号具有全局属性。如果是 IAR 编译器，则使用的是 GLOBAL 这个指令。
;IMPORT声明标号来自外部文件，跟C语言中的EXTERN关键字类似
;DCD:分配一个或者多个以字为单位的内存，以四字节对齐，并要求初始化这些内存。
;在向量表中， DCD 分配了一堆内存，并且以 ESR 的入口地址初始化它们
__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack 栈顶地址
DCD STL_StartUp ; replacement of Reset_Handler 复位程序地址
DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler
DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler
DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler
DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler
DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved 0保留
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler
DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
;DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler
;DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler
DCD OS_CPU_PendSVHandler
DCD OS_CPU_SysTickHandler
;上面这部分是内核中的
;下面是外设的
; External Interrupts
DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window WatchDog
DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detection
DCD TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler ; Tamper and TimeStamps through the EXTI line
DCD RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler ; RTC Wakeup through the EXTI line
DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; FLASH
DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC
DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line0
DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line1
DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line2
DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line3
DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line4
DCD DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 0
DCD DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 1
DCD DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 2
DCD DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 3
DCD DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 4
DCD DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 5
DCD DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 6
DCD ADC_IRQHandler ; ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3s
DCD CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN1 TX
DCD CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX0
DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1
DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE
DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; External Line[9:5]s
DCD TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break and TIM9
DCD TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update and TIM10
DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation and TIM11
DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare
DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2
DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3
DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4
DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event
DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error
DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event
DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error
DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1
DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2
DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1
DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2
DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3
DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; External Line[15:10]s
DCD RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm (A and B) through EXTI Line
DCD OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS Wakeup through EXTI line
DCD TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break and TIM12
DCD TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update and TIM13
DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation and TIM14
DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare
DCD DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream7
DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC
DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO
DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5
DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3
DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4
DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5
DCD TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler ; TIM6 and DAC1&2 underrun errors
DCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7
DCD DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 0
DCD DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 1
DCD DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 2
DCD DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 3
DCD DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 4
DCD ETH_IRQHandler ; Ethernet
DCD ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler ; Ethernet Wakeup through EXTI line
DCD CAN2_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN2 TX
DCD CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX0
DCD CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX1
DCD CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN2 SCE
DCD OTG_FS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS
DCD DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 5
DCD DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 6
DCD DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 7
DCD USART6_IRQHandler ; USART6
DCD I2C3_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C3 event
DCD I2C3_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C3 error
DCD OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 Out
DCD OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 In
DCD OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS Wakeup through EXTI
DCD OTG_HS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS
DCD DCMI_IRQHandler ; DCMI
DCD CRYP_IRQHandler ; CRYP crypto
DCD HASH_RNG_IRQHandler ; Hash and Rng
DCD FPU_IRQHandler ; FPU
__Vectors_End
;计算向量表大小--__Vectors_Size
__Vectors_Size EQU __Vectors_End - __Vectors
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY
;定义一个名称为.text 的代码段，可读
4、复位指令
Reset_Handler PROC
EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK] ;弱定义
;IMPORT SystemInit ;系统时钟配置函数
IMPORT __main
;LDR R0, =SystemInit
;BLX R0
LDR R0, =__main
BX R0
ENDP
;PROC:定义子程序，与 ENDP 成对使用，表示子程序结束
;LDR,BLX,BX是CM4内核的指令
;LDR:从存储器中加载字到一个寄存器中
;BL:跳转到由寄存器/标号给出的地址,并把跳转前的下条指令地址保存到LR
;BLX:跳转到由寄存器给出的地址,并根据寄存器的LSE确定处理器的状态,还要把跳转前的下条指令地址保存到LR
;BX:跳转到由寄存器/标号给出的地址，不用返回
5、中断服务函数
;B是跳转指令， . 表示无限循环
;若stm32fxxx_it.c 中的中断函数的名字与这里的不同，编译不会报错，内核会调用汇编写好的，进入无限循环
NMI_Handler PROC
EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
HardFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
MemManage_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
BusFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
UsageFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SVC_Handler PROC
EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
DebugMon_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
PendSV_Handler PROC
EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SysTick_Handler PROC
EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
Default_Handler PROC
EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ETH_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN2_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT OTG_FS_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C3_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C3_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT OTG_HS_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DCMI_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CRYP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT HASH_RNG_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FPU_IRQHandler [WEAK]
WWDG_IRQHandler
PVD_IRQHandler
TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler
RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler
FLASH_IRQHandler
RCC_IRQHandler
EXTI0_IRQHandler
EXTI1_IRQHandler
EXTI2_IRQHandler
EXTI3_IRQHandler
EXTI4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler
ADC_IRQHandler
CAN1_TX_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler
TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler
TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler
TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler
TIM2_IRQHandler
TIM3_IRQHandler
TIM4_IRQHandler
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler
SPI1_IRQHandler
SPI2_IRQHandler
USART1_IRQHandler
USART2_IRQHandler
USART3_IRQHandler
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler
RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler
OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler
TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler
TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler
TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler
TIM8_CC_IRQHandler
DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler
FSMC_IRQHandler
SDIO_IRQHandler
TIM5_IRQHandler
SPI3_IRQHandler
UART4_IRQHandler
UART5_IRQHandler
TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler
TIM7_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler
ETH_IRQHandler
ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler
CAN2_TX_IRQHandler
CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler
OTG_FS_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler
DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler
USART6_IRQHandler
I2C3_EV_IRQHandler
I2C3_ER_IRQHandler
OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler
OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler
OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler
OTG_HS_IRQHandler
DCMI_IRQHandler
CRYP_IRQHandler
HASH_RNG_IRQHandler
FPU_IRQHandler
B .
ENDP
ALIGN ;对齐，默认4字节对齐
6、堆栈的初始化，由C库函数_main来完成
IF :DEF:__MICROLIB ;如果定义了宏 __MICROLIB，在IDE里面定义了
;Target->Use MicroLIB
EXPORT __initial_sp
EXPORT __heap_base
EXPORT __heap_limit
ELSE
IMPORT __use_two_region_memory ;由用户自己实现
EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap
__user_initial_stackheap
LDR R0, = Heap_Mem
LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size)
LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size)
LDR R3, = Stack_Mem
BX LR
ALIGN
ENDIF
;*******************************************************************************
; User Checksum - must be placed at the end of memory
;*******************************************************************************
AREA CHECKSUM, DATA, READONLY, ALIGN=6
EXPORT __Check_Sum
; Alignement here must correspond to the size of tested block at FLASH run time test (16 words ~ 64 bytes)!!!
ALIGN
__Check_Sum DCD 0x80FFFFC ; Check sum computed externaly
END
参考：野火STM32教程
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