Python之路：Python 基础（三）-文件操作

操作文件时，一般需要经历如下步骤：

• 打开文件
• 操作文件

一、打开文件

文件句柄 = file('文件路径', '模式')   # 还有一种方法open

例1、创建文件 

f = file('myfile.txt','w')        w、r、a         'rb'二进制读文件

f.write('Hello world!')

f.close( )

例2、遍历文件内容 （一行一行的读内文件内容）

a = file('myfile.txt')

for line in a.readlines():

             print line

a.close( )

例3、追加

f = file('test1.txt','a')

f = write('append to the end')

f.close( )

例4、文件内容替换

for line in fileinput.input('test1.txt',inplace=1,backup='.bak'):     #表示把匹配的内容写到文件中，并先备份原文件

      line = line.replace('oldtext','newtext')

      print line

例5、 with open('test1.txt','r+') as f:     相当于‘例3’

二、打开文件的模式有：

• r，只读模式（默认）。
• w，只写模式。【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则删除内容；】
• a，追加模式。【可读；   不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容；】

"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件

• r+，可读写文件。【可读；可写；可追加】
• w+，无意义
• a+，同a

"U"表示在读取时，可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用）

• rU
• r+U

"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）

• rb
• wb
• ab

>>> dir(file)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__enter__', '__exit__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'close', 'closed', 'encoding', 'errors', 'fileno', 'flush', 'isatty', 'mode', 'name', 'newlines', 'next', 'read', 'readinto', 'readline', 'readlines', 'seek', 'softspace', 'tell', 'truncate', 'write', 'writelines', 'xreadlines']

三、with

为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭，可以通过管理上下文，即：

with open('log','r') as f: 
	
	...

如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。

在Python 2.7 后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：

with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:
    pass

四、修改配置文件

原文件：

global       
        log 127.0.0.1 local2
        daemon
        maxconn 256
        log 127.0.0.1 local2 info

frontend oldboy.org
        bind 0.0.0.0:80
        option httplog
        option httpclose
        option  forwardfor
        log global
        acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org
        use_backend www.oldboy.org if www

backend www.oldboy.org
        server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000

需求：

1、查
   输入：www.oldboy.org
   获取当前backend下的所有记录
2、新建：backend字段   
3、删除：backend字段 
      

代码如下：           

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import json
import os

def fetch(backend):
    backend_title = 'backend %s' % backend
    record_list = []
    with open('ha') as obj:
        flag = False
        for line in obj:
            line = line.strip()
            if line == backend_title:
                flag = True
                continue
            if flag and line.startswith('backend'):
                flag = False
                break

            if flag and line:
                record_list.append(line)

    return record_list

def add(dict_info):
    backend = dict_info.get('backend')
    record_list = fetch(backend)
    backend_title = "backend %s" % backend
    current_record = "server %s %s weight %d maxconn %d" % (dict_info['record']['server'], dict_info['record']['server'], dict_info['record']['weight'], dict_info['record']['maxconn'])
    if not record_list:
        record_list.append(backend_title)
        record_list.append(current_record)
        with open('ha') as read_file, open('ha.new', 'w') as write_file:
            flag = False
            for line in read_file:
                write_file.write(line)
            for i in record_list:
                if i.startswith('backend'):
                    write_file.write(i+'\n')
                else:
                    write_file.write("%s%s\n" % (8*" ", i))
    else:
        record_list.insert(0, backend_title)
        if current_record not in record_list:
            record_list.append(current_record)

        with open('ha') as read_file, open('ha.new', 'w') as write_file:
            flag = False
            has_write = False
            for line in read_file:
                line_strip = line.strip()
                if line_strip == backend_title:
                    flag = True
                    continue
                if flag and line_strip.startswith('backend'):
                    flag = False
                if not flag:
                    write_file.write(line)
                else:
                    if not has_write:
                        for i in record_list:
                            if i.startswith('backend'):
                                write_file.write(i+'\n')
                            else:
                                write_file.write("%s%s\n" % (8*" ", i))
                    has_write = True
    os.rename('ha','ha.bak')
    os.rename('ha.new','ha')

def remove(dict_info):
    backend = dict_info.get('backend')
    record_list = fetch(backend)
    backend_title = "backend %s" % backend
    current_record = "server %s %s weight %d maxconn %d" % (dict_info['record']['server'], dict_info['record']['server'], dict_info['record']['weight'], dict_info['record']['maxconn'])
    if not record_list:
        return
    else:
        if current_record not in record_list:
            return
        else:
            del record_list[record_list.index(current_record)]
            if len(record_list) > 0:
                record_list.insert(0, backend_title)
        with open('ha') as read_file, open('ha.new', 'w') as write_file:
            flag = False
            has_write = False
            for line in read_file:
                line_strip = line.strip()
                if line_strip == backend_title:
                    flag = True
                    continue
                if flag and line_strip.startswith('backend'):
                    flag = False
                if not flag:
                    write_file.write(line)
                else:
                    if not has_write:
                        for i in record_list:
                            if i.startswith('backend'):
                                write_file.write(i+'\n')
                            else:
                                write_file.write("%s%s\n" % (8*" ", i))
                    has_write = True
    os.rename('ha','ha.bak')
    os.rename('ha.new','ha')

data = "www.oldboy.org"
fetch(data)
data = '{"backend": "tettst.oldboy.org","record":{"server": "100.1.7.90","weight": 20,"maxconn": 30}}'
dict_data = json.loads(data)
add(dict_data)
remove(dict_data)