快速开始使用Graph-tool - gt文件格式
gt文件格式
gt文件格式是一种简单的二进制格式，用来存储graph-tool的图实例，以一个紧凑和快速的方式，包括了库支持所有类型的属性映射。
它是graphml格式（基于文本）的另一种选择，graphml用来处理非常大的图时，其 I / O 可能变得非常耗费时间和空间。
这里我们详细描述了gt的编码方式，使用graph_tool.collection模块中的lesmis网络作为例子。
header
其以utf-8编码的字符串⛾gt开头，共计6个字节；紧随其后的是版本号(目前是0x01)，占一个字节；和一个布尔值(一个字节)来确定字节顺序(0x00:低位，0 x01:高位):
00000000 e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00 |... gt..|
00000008
注释字符串
紧随其后的是一个注释字符串。
字符串以(8字节,uint64_t)的长度存储，对应的字节序列，不以null结尾。
注释可能是空的,但graph-tool输出一个人可读的文件,可以被类似于hexdump的工具检测:
00000000 e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00 dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |... gt..........|
.
00000010 67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f 6f 6c 20 62 69 6e 61 72 |graph-tool binar|
00000020 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 68 74 74 70 3a 3a 2f 2f |y file (http:://|
00000030 67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f 6f 6c 2e 73 6b 65 77 65 |graph-tool.skewe|
00000040 64 2e 64 65 29 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20 |d.de) generated |
00000050 62 79 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 32 2e 32 2e 33 |by version 2.2.3|
00000060 32 64 65 76 20 28 63 6f 6d 6d 69 74 20 64 34 66 |2dev (commit d4f|
00000070 31 66 31 62 66 2c 20 4d 6f 6e 20 41 75 67 20 31 |1f1bf, Mon Aug 1|
00000080 31 20 31 36 3a 32 36 3a 35 34 20 32 30 31 34 20 |1 16:26:54 2014 |
00000090 2b 30 32 30 30 29 20 73 74 61 74 73 3a 20 37 37 |+0200) stats: 77|
000000a0 20 76 65 72 74 69 63 65 73 2c 20 32 35 34 20 65 | vertices, 254 e|
000000b0 64 67 65 73 2c 20 75 6e 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 |dges, undirected|
000000c0 2c 20 32 20 67 72 61 70 68 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c |, 2 graph props,|
000000d0 20 32 20 76 65 72 74 65 78 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c | 2 vertex props,|
000000e0 20 31 20 65 64 67 65 20 70 72 6f 70 73 | 1 edge props|
000000ed
邻接表
邻接表如下，以一个布尔字节指定图是否有向(0x00：无向，0x01：有向)；和8个字节(uint64_t)包含的节点数量，N。紧随其后的是N个节点序列的out-neighbours的列表。
序列本身决定了隐式的索引节点，范围从0到n - 1。
给定节点out-neighbours列表是由长度(8字节,uint64_t)和一系列长度节点索引组成。
列表中字节数d的数值被用于编码节点索引，其是由N的值决定的，是集合{1,2,4,8}({uint8_t、uint16_t uint32_t,uint64_t }的最小值)，其足以容纳所有N个节点。
对于无向图，这是很重要的，每条边只出现一次,也就是说，如果节点u在列表中是v的邻接点，然后v不应该再出现在列表u中，否则会被认为是一个不同的边(平行)。
In this way, the total number of bytes used for the adjacency is 1 + 8 + N * 8 + E * d with E being the number of edges:
通过这种方式,用于邻接的字节总数是1 + 8 + N * 8 + E * d，E是边的数量:
00000000 e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00 dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |... gt..........|
.
00000010 67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f 6f 6c 20 62 69 6e 61 72 |graph-tool binar|
00000020 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 68 74 74 70 3a 3a 2f 2f |y file (http:://|
00000030 67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f 6f 6c 2e 73 6b 65 77 65 |graph-tool.skewe|
00000040 64 2e 64 65 29 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20 |d.de) generated |
00000050 62 79 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 32 2e 32 2e 33 |by version 2.2.3|
00000060 32 64 65 76 20 28 63 6f 6d 6d 69 74 20 64 34 66 |2dev (commit d4f|
00000070 31 66 31 62 66 2c 20 4d 6f 6e 20 41 75 67 20 31 |1f1bf, Mon Aug 1|
00000080 31 20 31 36 3a 32 36 3a 35 34 20 32 30 31 34 20 |1 16:26:54 2014 |
00000090 2b 30 32 30 30 29 20 73 74 61 74 73 3a 20 37 37 |+0200) stats: 77|
000000a0 20 76 65 72 74 69 63 65 73 2c 20 32 35 34 20 65 | vertices, 254 e|
000000b0 64 67 65 73 2c 20 75 6e 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 |dges, undirected|
000000c0 2c 20 32 20 67 72 61 70 68 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c |, 2 graph props,|
000000d0 20 32 20 76 65 72 74 65 78 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c | 2 vertex props,|
000000e0 20 31 20 65 64 67 65 20 70 72 6f 70 73 00 4d 00 | 1 edge props.M.|
.
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 0a 03 02 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 10 11 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 04 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 13 05 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001c0 00 00 10 11 12 13 14 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 |................|
000001d0 11 12 13 14 15 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 |................|
000001e0 13 14 15 16 0c 0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 17 0b |................|
000001f0 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 17 0b 04 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000200 00 00 00 18 0b 10 19 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b |................|
00000210 17 19 18 1a 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 1b 03 00 |................|
00000220 00 00 00 00 00 00 17 1b 0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000230 00 17 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1e 0b 17 1b 01 00 |................|
00000240 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b |................|
00000250 1b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 1d 03 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000260 00 00 00 0b 22 1d 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23 |...."........."#|
00000270 0b 1d 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23 24 0b 1d 06 |.........."#$...|
00000280 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23 24 25 0b 1d 01 00 00 |......."#$%.....|
00000290 00 00 00 00 00 19 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 02 |................|
000002a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 19 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000002b0 00 29 19 18 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 1a 1b 02 |.)..............|
000002c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1c 0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000002d0 00 1c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000002e0 00 00 2e 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2f 19 1b 0b 02 |.........../....|
000002f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a 0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000300 00 31 18 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 31 1a 0b 02 00 |.1.........1....|
00000310 00 00 00 00 00 00 33 27 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |......3'........|
00000320 33 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 33 31 1a 0a 00 00 00 |3........31.....|
00000330 00 00 00 00 33 31 27 36 1a 0b 10 19 29 30 02 00 |....31'6....)0..|
00000340 00 00 00 00 00 00 31 37 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |......17........|
00000350 37 29 30 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 37 30 1b 39 0b |7)0........70.9.|
00000360 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3a 37 30 39 03 00 00 00 |........:709....|
00000370 00 00 00 00 30 3a 3b 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 |....0:;........0|
00000380 3a 3c 3b 39 37 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 37 3a 3b |:<;97........7:;|
00000390 30 39 29 3d 3c 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3b 30 3e |09)=<........;0>|
000003a0 39 3a 3d 3c 37 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 37 3e 30 |9:=<7........7>0|
000003b0 3f 3a 3d 3c 3b 39 0b 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3f |?:=<;9.........?|
000003c0 40 30 3e 3a 3d 3c 3b 39 37 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 |@0>:=<;97.......|
000003d0 00 40 3a 3b 3e 41 30 3f 3d 3c 01 00 00 00 00 00 |.@:;>A0?=<......|
000003e0 00 00 39 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 0b 18 1b 30 |..9............0|
000003f0 29 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 44 0b 18 1b 30 29 |).........D...0)|
00000400 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 45 44 0b 18 1b 29 3a |.........ED...):|
00000410 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1b 45 44 46 0b 30 29 19 |.........EDF.0).|
00000420 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a 1b 0b 01 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000430 00 00 00 30 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 49 07 00 |...0........0I..|
00000440 00 00 00 00 00 00 45 44 19 30 29 46 47 07 00 00 |......ED.0)FG...|
00000450 00 00 00 00 00 40 41 42 3f 3e 30 3a |.....@AB?>0:|
0000045c
属性映射表
邻接，紧随其后的是一个属性映射的列表。
列表以一个总数的属性映射(8字节,uint64_t)开始，然后是独立的记录。
每个属性映射始于一个关键类型(1字节,uint8_t)来指定它是否是一个图(0x00),一个顶点(0x01)或一条边(0x02)的属性映射，紧随其后的是一个字符串(8字节长度+长度字节)包含属性映射的名称。
接着是一个字节(uint8_t)来指定值类型的索引，如下表:
| Type name | Bytes | Index |
|---|---|---|
| bool | 1 | 0x00 |
| int16_t | 2 | 0x01 |
| int32_t | 4 | 0x02 |
| int64_t | 8 | 0x03 |
| double | 8 | 0x04 |
| long double | 16 | 0x05 |
| string | 8 + length | 0x06 |
| vector bool> | 8 + length | 0x07 |
| vector int16_t> | 8 + 2 * length | 0x08 |
| vector int32_t> | 8 + 4 * length | 0x09 |
| vector int64_t> | 8 + 8 * length | 0x0a |
| vector double> | 8 + 8 * length | 0x0b |
| vector long double> | 8 + 16 * length | 0x0c |
| vector string> | 8 + |
0x0d |
| python::object | 8 + length | 0x0e |
属性映射值的次序与顶点索引(顶点属性)的次序排列一致；或者与前面的邻接表(边属性)中边出现的顺序一致。
属性映射中，只有一个值，其如下：
字符串和向量以8个字节(uint64_t)的长度的前缀来编码，其次是一个序列，其大小与元素大小相匹配。
vector
python::object类型的值以字符串进行编码,通过pickle来编码或解码字符串的内容。
00000000 e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00 dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |... gt..........|
00000010 67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f 6f 6c 20 62 69 6e 61 72 |graph-tool binar|
00000020 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 68 74 74 70 3a 3a 2f 2f |y file (http:://|
00000030 67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f 6f 6c 2e 73 6b 65 77 65 |graph-tool.skewe|
00000040 64 2e 64 65 29 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20 |d.de) generated |
00000050 62 79 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 32 2e 32 2e 33 |by version 2.2.3|
00000060 32 64 65 76 20 28 63 6f 6d 6d 69 74 20 64 34 66 |2dev (commit d4f|
00000070 31 66 31 62 66 2c 20 4d 6f 6e 20 41 75 67 20 31 |1f1bf, Mon Aug 1|
00000080 31 20 31 36 3a 32 36 3a 35 34 20 32 30 31 34 20 |1 16:26:54 2014 |
00000090 2b 30 32 30 30 29 20 73 74 61 74 73 3a 20 37 37 |+0200) stats: 77|
000000a0 20 76 65 72 74 69 63 65 73 2c 20 32 35 34 20 65 | vertices, 254 e|
000000b0 64 67 65 73 2c 20 75 6e 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 |dges, undirected|
000000c0 2c 20 32 20 67 72 61 70 68 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c |, 2 graph props,|
000000d0 20 32 20 76 65 72 74 65 78 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c | 2 vertex props,|
000000e0 20 31 20 65 64 67 65 20 70 72 6f 70 73 00 4d 00 | 1 edge props.M.|
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 0a 03 02 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 10 11 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 04 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 13 05 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001c0 00 00 10 11 12 13 14 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 |................|
000001d0 11 12 13 14 15 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 |................|
000001e0 13 14 15 16 0c 0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 17 0b |................|
000001f0 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 17 0b 04 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000200 00 00 00 18 0b 10 19 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b |................|
00000210 17 19 18 1a 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 1b 03 00 |................|
00000220 00 00 00 00 00 00 17 1b 0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000230 00 17 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1e 0b 17 1b 01 00 |................|
00000240 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b |................|
00000250 1b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 1d 03 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000260 00 00 00 0b 22 1d 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23 |...."........."#|
00000270 0b 1d 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23 24 0b 1d 06 |.........."#$...|
00000280 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23 24 25 0b 1d 01 00 00 |......."#$%.....|
00000290 00 00 00 00 00 19 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 02 |................|
000002a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 19 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000002b0 00 29 19 18 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 1a 1b 02 |.)..............|
000002c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1c 0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000002d0 00 1c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000002e0 00 00 2e 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2f 19 1b 0b 02 |.........../....|
000002f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a 0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000300 00 31 18 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 31 1a 0b 02 00 |.1.........1....|
00000310 00 00 00 00 00 00 33 27 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |......3'........|
00000320 33 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 33 31 1a 0a 00 00 00 |3........31.....|
00000330 00 00 00 00 33 31 27 36 1a 0b 10 19 29 30 02 00 |....31'6....)0..|
00000340 00 00 00 00 00 00 31 37 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |......17........|
00000350 37 29 30 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 37 30 1b 39 0b |7)0........70.9.|
00000360 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3a 37 30 39 03 00 00 00 |........:709....|
00000370 00 00 00 00 30 3a 3b 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 |....0:;........0|
00000380 3a 3c 3b 39 37 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 37 3a 3b |:<;97........7:;|
00000390 30 39 29 3d 3c 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3b 30 3e |09)=<........;0>|
000003a0 39 3a 3d 3c 37 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 37 3e 30 |9:=<7........7>0|
000003b0 3f 3a 3d 3c 3b 39 0b 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3f |?:=<;9.........?|
000003c0 40 30 3e 3a 3d 3c 3b 39 37 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 |@0>:=<;97.......|
000003d0 00 40 3a 3b 3e 41 30 3f 3d 3c 01 00 00 00 00 00 |.@:;>A0?=<......|
000003e0 00 00 39 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 0b 18 1b 30 |..9............0|
000003f0 29 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 44 0b 18 1b 30 29 |).........D...0)|
00000400 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 19 45 44 0b 18 1b 29 3a |.........ED...):|
00000410 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1b 45 44 46 0b 30 29 19 |.........EDF.0).|
00000420 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a 1b 0b 01 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000430 00 00 00 30 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 49 07 00 |...0........0I..|
00000440 00 00 00 00 00 00 45 44 19 30 29 46 47 07 00 00 |......ED.0)FG...|
00000450 00 00 00 00 00 40 41 42 3f 3e 30 3a 05 00 00 00 |.....@AB?>0:....|
00000460 00 00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 64 65 73 |.............des|
00000470 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 06 24 01 00 00 00 00 00 |cription.$......|
00000480 00 4c 65 73 20 4d 69 73 65 72 61 62 6c 65 73 3a |.Les Miserables:|
00000490 20 63 6f 61 70 70 65 61 72 61 6e 63 65 20 6e 65 | coappearance ne|
000004a0 74 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 |twork of charact|
000004b0 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 6f 76 65 6c |ers in the novel|
000004c0 20 4c 65 73 20 4d 69 73 65 72 61 62 6c 65 73 2e | Les Miserables.|
000004d0 20 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 63 69 74 65 20 44 2e 20 | Please cite D. |
000004e0 45 2e 20 4b 6e 75 74 68 2c 20 54 68 65 20 53 74 |E. Knuth, The St|
000004f0 61 6e 66 6f 72 64 20 47 72 61 70 68 42 61 73 65 |anford GraphBase|
00000500 3a 20 41 20 50 6c 61 74 66 6f 72 6d 20 66 6f 72 |: A Platform for|
00000510 20 43 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 6f 72 69 61 6c 20 43 | Combinatorial C|
00000520 6f 6d 70 75 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 41 64 64 69 73 6f |omputing, Addiso|
00000530 6e 2d 57 65 73 6c 65 79 2c 20 52 65 61 64 69 6e |n-Wesley, Readin|
00000540 67 2c 20 4d 41 20 28 31 39 39 33 29 2e 20 52 65 |g, MA (1993). Re|
00000550 74 72 69 65 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 60 4d 61 |trieved from `Ma|
00000560 72 6b 20 4e 65 77 6d 61 6e 27 73 20 77 65 62 73 |rk Newman's webs|
00000570 69 74 65 20 3c 68 74 74 70 3a 2f 2f 77 77 77 2d |ite <http://www-|
00000580 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 61 6c 2e 75 6d 69 63 68 2e 65 |personal.umich.e|
00000590 64 75 2f 7e 6d 65 6a 6e 2f 6e 65 74 64 61 74 61 |du/~mejn/netdata|
000005a0 2f 3e 60 5f 2e 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 72 65 |/>`_..........re|
000005b0 61 64 6d 65 06 e2 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 54 68 65 |adme.........The|
000005c0 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6c 65 73 6d 69 73 2e 67 6d 6c | file lesmis.gml|
000005d0 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 77 65 | contains the we|
000005e0 69 67 68 74 65 64 20 6e 65 74 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f |ighted network o|
000005f0 66 20 63 6f 61 70 70 65 61 72 61 6e 63 65 73 20 |f coappearances |
00000600 6f 66 0a 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e |of.characters in|
00000610 20 56 69 63 74 6f 72 20 48 75 67 6f 27 73 20 6e | Victor Hugo's n|
00000620 6f 76 65 6c 20 22 4c 65 73 20 4d 69 73 65 72 61 |ovel "Les Misera|
00000630 62 6c 65 73 22 2e 20 20 4e 6f 64 65 73 20 72 65 |bles". Nodes re|
00000640 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 0a 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 |present.characte|
00000650 72 73 20 61 73 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 20 |rs as indicated |
00000660 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 73 20 61 6e |by the labels an|
00000670 64 20 65 64 67 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 |d edges connect |
00000680 61 6e 79 20 70 61 69 72 20 6f 66 0a 63 68 61 72 |any pair of.char|
00000690 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 70 70 65 |acters that appe|
000006a0 61 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 63 |ar in the same c|
000006b0 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f |hapter of the bo|
000006c0 6f 6b 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 20 |ok. The values |
000006d0 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 65 64 67 65 73 20 61 72 65 |on the.edges are|
000006e0 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 73 | the number of s|
000006f0 75 63 68 20 63 6f 61 70 70 65 61 72 61 6e 63 65 |uch coappearance|
00000700 73 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 6f 6e 20 |s. The data on |
00000710 63 6f 61 70 70 65 61 72 61 6e 63 65 73 20 77 65 |coappearances we|
00000720 72 65 0a 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 44 2e |re.taken from D.|
00000730 20 45 2e 20 4b 6e 75 74 68 2c 20 54 68 65 20 53 | E. Knuth, The S|
00000740 74 61 6e 66 6f 72 64 20 47 72 61 70 68 42 61 73 |tanford GraphBas|
00000750 65 3a 20 41 20 50 6c 61 74 66 6f 72 6d 20 66 6f |e: A Platform fo|
00000760 72 0a 43 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 6f 72 69 61 6c 20 |r.Combinatorial |
00000770 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 41 64 64 69 73 |Computing, Addis|
00000780 6f 6e 2d 57 65 73 6c 65 79 2c 20 52 65 61 64 69 |on-Wesley, Readi|
00000790 6e 67 2c 20 4d 41 20 28 31 39 39 33 29 2e 0a 01 |ng, MA (1993)...|
000007a0 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6c 61 62 65 6c 06 06 00 |........label...|
000007b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 79 72 69 65 6c 08 00 00 00 |......Myriel....|
000007c0 00 00 00 00 4e 61 70 6f 6c 65 6f 6e 0e 00 00 00 |....Napoleon....|
000007d0 00 00 00 00 4d 6c 6c 65 42 61 70 74 69 73 74 69 |....MlleBaptisti|
000007e0 6e 65 0b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 6d 65 4d 61 67 |ne........MmeMag|
000007f0 6c 6f 69 72 65 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 6f 75 |loire........Cou|
00000800 6e 74 65 73 73 44 65 4c 6f 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 |ntessDeLo.......|
00000810 00 47 65 62 6f 72 61 6e 64 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.Geborand.......|
00000820 00 43 68 61 6d 70 74 65 72 63 69 65 72 08 00 00 |.Champtercier...|
00000830 00 00 00 00 00 43 72 61 76 61 74 74 65 05 00 00 |.....Cravatte...|
00000840 00 00 00 00 00 43 6f 75 6e 74 06 00 00 00 00 00 |.....Count......|
00000850 00 00 4f 6c 64 4d 61 6e 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..OldMan........|
00000860 4c 61 62 61 72 72 65 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 56 |Labarre........V|
00000870 61 6c 6a 65 61 6e 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 61 |aljean........Ma|
00000880 72 67 75 65 72 69 74 65 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |rguerite........|
00000890 4d 6d 65 44 65 52 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 49 73 |MmeDeR........Is|
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000008b0 76 61 69 73 09 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 54 68 6f 6c |vais........Thol|
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000017f0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001800 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 40 00 00 00 00 |...@......(@....|
00001810 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001820 00 00 35 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 33 40 00 00 00 00 |..5@......3@....|
00001830 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001840 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001850 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001860 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001870 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 1c 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001880 00 00 1c 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001890 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
000018a0 00 00 2e 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
000018b0 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
000018c0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
000018d0 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
000018e0 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
000018f0 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001900 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 40 00 00 00 00 |...?......"@....|
00001910 00 00 31 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 2a 40 00 00 00 00 |..1@......*@....|
00001920 00 00 1c 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001930 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001940 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001950 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001960 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001970 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001980 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001990 00 00 28 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |..(@.......@....|
000019a0 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 24 40 00 00 00 00 |...@......$@....|
000019b0 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
000019c0 00 00 22 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |.."@.......?....|
000019d0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
000019e0 00 00 1c 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
000019f0 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001a00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001a10 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001a20 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001a30 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001a40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001a50 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001a60 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001a70 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001a80 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001a90 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001aa0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001ab0 00 00 18 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001ac0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001ad0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001ae0 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001af0 00 00 10 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001b00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001b10 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001b20 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001b30 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001b40 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001b50 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001b60 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001b70 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 |...?.......@....|
00001b80 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001b90 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 |...@.......@....|
00001ba0 00 00 08 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...@.......?....|
00001bb0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001bc0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001bd0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001be0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 |...?.......?....|
00001bf0 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f |...?.......?|
00001bfc
这个文件的总长度为0x00001bfc == 7164字节。
相比之下,graphml编码结果为37506字节。
LZMA压缩后两个文件分别为2800字节和4192字节。
然而,这种差异(即使压缩)往往会增加，往往很大，对于较大的图表。
此外gt格式的读和写往往比graphml大约快一个数量级,和很大程度上受I/O限制，而后者，通常是受CPU受限。
这里有一个大图的例子：
>>> import timeit
>>> g = gt.collection.data["pgp-strong-2009"]
>>> g.properties.clear() # Use only topology for benchmark
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml")).timeit(number=1)
0.08416466903872788
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml.xz")).timeit(number=1)
14.706654848065227
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt")).timeit(number=1)
0.005980597110465169
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt.xz")).timeit(number=1)
0.43757575505878776
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml")).timeit(number=1)
0.9056955680716783
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml.xz")).timeit(number=1)
1.0840389159275219
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt")).timeit(number=1)
0.0512137800687924
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt.xz")).timeit(number=1)
0.07995201298035681
>>> import subprocess
>>> print(subprocess.check_output("du -b /tmp/pgp_graph* | sort -n", shell=True).decode("utf-8"))
395148 /tmp/pgp_graph.gt.xz
921619 /tmp/pgp_graph.gt
1010208 /tmp/pgp_graph.xml.xz
21324583 /tmp/pgp_graph.xml
原文链接：The gt file format
