Western blotting | WB | 失败原因 | 成功要素 | 经验分享 | WB显色方法

 

2023年10月22日

WB很少用定量分析,因为系统误差都能达到10-30%,所以band的差异需要非常明显才行。

那如果你的蛋白含量非常微弱怎么办?

  1. 单独incubate primary antibody,直到能看到清晰条带,不要跟GAPDH混在一起;
  2. 提升上样量,提升抗体浓度,增加抗体孵化时间,这样基本都能看出目标条带; 

其次,就是定量分析:

  • step4:用矩形工具选中你要分析的条带(整行)
  • step5:按快捷键ctrl+1,然后按ctrl+3得到下图
  • step6:因为每个小山峰下的面积值才是你需要得到灰度值,所以要利用直线工具将每个小山峰封口。
  • step7:用魔法棒工具依次点击每个小山峰,右侧就是你需要的灰度值了。

 

2023年08月30日

终于在标准液F4里面检测到JARID2了,说明整个流程是成功的,抗体质量没有问题。

这次的教训是:

  1. 在有一个感兴趣的基因后,需要做一个survey,从而选择最合适的研究model;
  2. mRNA表达水平,可以看相对于actin或者18S rRNA,cellline则可以看depmap,其他的则可以从已有的public data里看;
  3. Protein表达水平,这个可以从BioGPS数据库,Protein Atlas,DepMap里面查找;
  4. 然后就可以先订购primers,以及antibody来验证,如果这些前期的survey都做不成功,那任何后期的处理都是没有意义的,就像我现在这样,全是garbage;

 

2023年08月29日

WB的变量之多,实在是令人咋舌!!!【WB本身的系统误差有20%,这就是为什么WB基本只看band来判断差异!】

  1. 起始细胞数量,一般用6 well plate来做,最少要达到50%覆盖度,即1 M左右的细胞数;
  2. 实验细胞里是否有目标蛋白,有些蛋白只特异的在某些细胞里表达,如果不表达你肯定检测不到;
  3. 蛋白的提取是否正确,磷酸化酶和蛋白酶抑制剂,实验是否在冰上操作防止蛋白降解;
  4. 根据标准曲线测量的蛋白量是否准确,能否准确平衡各个well的蛋白含量;
  5. 选择的gel浓度是否正确,我们常用的是8-16%的pre-cast SDS gel;大蛋白选择浓度更稀的gel;
  6. 转膜是否完全,大蛋白需要更久的转膜时间;
  7. 一抗结合是否充分,前一步的block是否彻底,是否洗膜不充分而有太多背景条带;
  8. 一抗的质量是否合格,是否无条带,是否非特异性条带太多;
  9. 二抗是否结合充分,洗膜是否充分,是否信号足够强;

一些核心数量上的变量

  1. load多少蛋白,正常是25ug即可,但如果你的目标蛋白含量过少,那么则可以load 75ug;
  2. 一抗的浓度,正常是1:1000 4度overnight 12-16小时,如果蛋白含量过少,则可以提高浓度到1:500,4度24小时;
  3. 二抗的浓度,正常是1:5000 室温1小时,如果信号弱,则可以提高浓度到1:4000;
  4. imaging时候的intensity,可以从5调到6,提高曝光量;

 

目前,我的核心问题就是用一个非常好的CST抗体无法检测到我的目标蛋白,甚至在标准液里也检测不到,但GAPDH一切正常。

太多的地方容易出现错误,无法完全控制,所以我们只能根据实验结果来反推

  • 阳性对照是关键,GAPDH是否有信号,强度是否一致,如果是,那么1、3、4、5、7、9是没问题的;
  • 你核心想看的蛋白是多少kDa,是否在该细胞表达,抗体是否被很多人重复使用过,建议多load几种细胞蛋白液,防止单一细胞不表达,大蛋白转膜宁可过度也不可不足;
  • 建议把GAPDH切下来单独染,然后新抗体增加浓度去染其他膜部分;

最核心的QC:

  • 所有样本的GAPDH是否信号充足,是否信号一致, 如果YES,那恭喜,你整套流程是没有问题的;
  • 标准的参考蛋白液N2和F4是否有GAPDH,如果有,那则标准液没有问题,目标蛋白应该被检测到;
  • 接下来就缩小到转膜和抗体的问题了,试一下增加大分子的转膜时间,看标准液N2和F4是否有目标蛋白,确定抗体无问题;
  • 如果你自己样本的GAPDH,以及标准液的结果都如预期,你仍然看不到自己样本里的目标蛋白,那说明你的细胞里不表达目标蛋白;

 

Transfer of EGFR time course
Western blot analysis of EGFR was performed by loading serially diluted A431 cell lysate from 20 µg to 312 ng per well onto a Novex™ 4–20% Tris-Glycine gel, WedgeWell™ format (Cat. No. XP04202BOX). Proteins were transferred using Invitrogen™ iBlot™ 2 Transfer Stacks, nitrocellulose, mini (Cat. No. IB23002) at 25 V for 6 min, 7 min, 8 min, or 10 min, and using the P0 program on the iBlot 2 device. Membranes were blocked for 30 minutes at room temperature and then probed overnight at 4°C with Invitrogen™ EGFR polyclonal antibody (Cat. No. PA1-1110) at a dilution of 1:500. After overnight incubation, the membranes were washed in TBST, probed with Invitrogen™ Goat anti-Rabbit (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, conjugated to Alexa Fluor™ Plus 800 (Cat. No. A32735) at a dilution of 1:5,000 for one hour at room temperature.

 

 

最后一步的显色方法也至关重要!有些特殊的高质量抗体可能需要特殊的显色方法,比如HRP。

 

参考:

 


 

wb实验中没有信号条带可能的原因?

 

1)样本里是否含有目标蛋白;目标蛋白的表达丰度是否在检测范围之内;
2)一抗和二抗是否匹配?
3)一抗和二抗的浓度是否足够?
4)检查抗体是否能够识别样本种鼠中的目标蛋白?
5)目标蛋白是否有效的转移到膜上;最好立春红染膜,确认转膜效率;
6)洗涤次数是否过多,一般3-5次,每次5分钟;
7)是否重复使用稀释过的抗体?
8)二抗是否可以正常的工作;
9)底物是否有效

 

WB实验中蛋白信号弱或者无信号通常由以下原因造成:

① 蛋白提取质量差:尽量保证使用新鲜样本或者组织,冰冻样本避免反复冻融,提取样本过程在冰上操作,加入蛋白酶抑制剂。

② 蛋白上样量低:增加上样量,每泳道蛋白上样量不低于20-30μg,设置阳性对照。

③ 转膜不完全:确定转膜效率、保证胶与膜充分结合、保证电极正确装配、控制转膜温度(冰袋降温)、优化转膜电流及时间。可使用可逆性染色丽春红S检测转膜结果。

④ 膜选择错误:选择合适膜的孔径:>22kD的蛋白选用0.45μm孔径,<22kD蛋白选用0.22μm孔径。

⑤ 一抗二抗使用不匹配:一抗要选择对应种属,抗体在保质期内,二抗和一抗要使匹配,属于同一宿主。

⑥ 抗体孵育时间太短:增加孵育抗体时间,可以4℃过夜孵育。

⑦ 洗膜过度。

⑧检测试剂盒失效。

 

参考:

 

 


 

在没有彻底熟悉所有技术细节之前,盲目追求效率是可笑且危险的。 

 

2023年07月28日

WB基本都会了,但却碰到了一个更本质的问题:抗体antibody质量问题。

同一个蛋白,一个抗体有条带,一个抗体没条带,都是大公司。

于是找CST客服,看哪里出了问题:

Thank you for contacting Cell Signaling Technology technical support regarding our JARID2 (D6M9X) Rabbit mAb #13594. I am sorry to hear about the trouble you are experiencing while using this antibody. I am confident we can work together to improve your signal.

In order to offer the best troubleshooting advice in a timely manner, I will need to gather some additional information regarding your samples and experimental conditions. Please download and complete the technical support form found here, attach any labeled images, and return it to me at your convenience. I appreciate your patience as we work together to resolve this issue. Please let me know if you have any questions in the meantime.

 

Thank you so much for providing those protocol details as well as your data, I took a look through and have a couple of minor protocol suggestions:

We highly recommend that you sonicate your lysate samples for the most efficient protein extraction (in SDS loading buffer, RIPA, or Cell Lysis buffer containing fresh protease inhibitors). Sonication is particularly important for nuclear proteins associated with chromatin/DNA, but can also help disrupt cytoplasmic components as well. If you do not have access to a probe sonicator you can try pushing your sample through a fine gauge needle multiple times (5-10X).
For best results, we recommend using a protease/phosphatase inhibitor in your lysis buffer, the addition of protease inhibitors to the cell lysis buffer aids in the preservation of target proteins in the cell extract.
I was looking into various databases such as BioGPS, Protein Atlas, and another proprietary internal database we use at CST and noticed that the expected expression profile of JARID2 in your cell lines (HT115, HT29, and LS180) is quite low. I would like to send you a CST provided positive control of NTERA2 which is the model we typically use to validate the antibody in house. Can you just confirm your shipping address and I will coordinate shipment of the control right away?
I hope this information proves useful, if you have any additional questions please do not hesitate to reach out.

 

Thanks for checking Zhixin's request. I would like to point out an important fact from his experiment. The two blots shown in the attachments were done with the same protein lysates using exactly the same protocol and probed with JARID2 antibody from CST and Novus. As you can see in blot-1, Novus antibody was able to detect JARID2 whereas CST antibody failed to give any signal. This doesn't explain the improper lysis or expression as you pointed out. Zhixin also routinely probe for other nuclear proteins like Sox9 on these lysates and sees good results. We would be happy to test NTERA2 lysates.

 

I understand that you are able to see signal with the Novus antibody. Not all antibodies are the same and cannot be compared directly due to a number of reasons including but not limited to antibody concentration, specificity, epitope, etc. While I cannot speak to the competitor data, my goal is to get #13594 JARID2 (D6M9X) Rabbit mAb working in your hands, and important first step in that process is testing the CST provided positive control.

I have submitted the request to send you the following:

1X 21102S - 50ul NTERA2 Lysate supplied ready to load in 1X SDS + DTT buffer.

Directions for use: Please boil the lysate for 2-3 minutes at 95C prior to loading 10ul/lane. I recommend running the control in tandem with your samples.

Please note, we do not routinely test our products in fluorescent western blotting but most should be compatible. In the limited testing we have done, we have found the Licor TBS based buffer to be most compatible if using an industrially produced buffer (which is what you are using). For best results, we recommend using the CST recommended buffers, I will link out to our fluorescent western blotting protocol here as well as list the buffers out below.

Blocking: 5% Milk in TBS (Tween20 should be omitted because it is autofluorescent and can increase non-specific background)
Primary: 5% Milk in TBS-T
Secondary: 5% Milk in TBS-T
Wash: 1X TBS-T

 

用该CST抗体成功发表的文章

Immunoblotting
Cells were lysed with 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Deoxycholic acid, 10mM EDTA and 0.5% Triton X‐100 containing protease inhibitor cocktail (complete ULTRA tablets, Roche). Histones were extracted from cells by acid extraction method (Halsall et al, 2015). According to standard procedure, lysates were treated with loading buffer, separated by 12–10% SDS–PAGE, transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane (Bio‐Rad) using Trans‐Blot Turbo Transfer System (Bio‐Rad) and immunoblotted with following primary antibodies: JARID2 (1:1,000, Cell Signaling Technology, USA; 1:1,000, GTX129020, GeneTex), EZH2 (1:1,000, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), involucrin (1:1,000, Sigma), transglutaminase‐1 TGase‐1 (1:1,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, INC), c‐Jun (1:1,000, Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and H3K27me3 (1:1,000, 07‐449 Millipore). GAPDH (1:1,000, ThermoFisher Scientific) and C‐terminus of histone H3 (1:5,000, Abcam) are used as loading controls. Immunoblots were visualised using fluorescence detection and scanned using odyssey infrared detection system (LI‐COR Biosciences). Densitometry analysis was done using Image Studio Lite (LI‐COR Biosciences).

 

 

 


 

2023年07月11日

从WB来谈生信和实验的区别,这非常重要。

  1. 失败风险。生信几乎没有失败风险,只要数据质量合格,最差也可以做出描述性的分析结果;而实验的失败风险则太高,技能熟练只能降低风险,而不能消除风险,比如WB,不确定因素太多了;
  2. 项目周期。生信几乎可以几小时就出结果,如果软件工具使用熟练的话;实验的周期则很长,绝对禁止急功近利,WB最快也要隔天出结果,CTG则必须两周,小鼠就是按月计了;
  3. Debug难易。生信有QC可以控制哪一步出了问题,最难的也就是算法,也是可以靠推理判断结果是否合理;而实验则是bug的天堂,做不好每一步都是可能有bug的;

做实验一定要心中有计划,在做之前就要规划好,知道每一步该做什么,否则大概率是会手忙脚乱、错误百出的!

 

WB的几个必须优化:

  1. 上样的总蛋白量必须稳定且一致,这一步绝对不能错,所以绝对定量必须做;
  2. 转膜的时间,不能太少,也不能太久,否则蛋白转膜不完全就没有条带;
  3. 一抗(1:1000)二抗(1:4000)的浓度,以及孵化时间,这些都会导致条带的强弱变化;

 

必须关注的细节:

  1. 蛋白必须混匀,否则测浓度以及上样时会有很大的偏差;
  2. 注意确定加液的稳定性,尤其是微量的5ul蛋白液,很容易产生偏差;
  3. WB胶的lane不能空转,必须上样或者ladder或者DTT+Laemmli;

 

所用试剂:

  • iBlot™ 2 Transfer Stacks, PVDF, regular size
  • LI-COR Intercept (TBS) Blocking Buffer (500 mL)
  • IRDye® 800CW Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody
  • odyssey imaging system 

 


 

2023年07月10日

今天中午做了成像分析,结果好坏参半。

好的是:SOX9总算发现了两个work的gRNA,另外两个不work。

坏的是:JARID2和GAPDH都没有条带。

 

失败原因:

  1. 不要随便用别人的抗体稀释液,自己做自己的一抗稀释液,可以长期复用;
  2. 在一抗孵化的时候一定要能覆盖住膜,所以最少在2-3ml,看你容器大小,1ml是绝对不够的;

 

好在结果是可以补救的,继续用抗体去孵化即可。

 

不可补救的:

  1. 垃圾样本,有清晰条带,但条带间没有任何差异,基本可以重做实验了,从KO开始;
  2. 抗体的非特异性结合,导致整个膜都被毁了,基本可以重新跑胶了,需要稀释一抗;

 

超级好用的ImageJ的数值分析教程:ImageJ的两个实用技巧第一弹:灰度分析

 


 

2023年07月09日

之前CRISPR KO敲除实验最大的失败有二:

  1. NTC的lentivirus活性太低,侵染有问题,导致后期NTC几乎都被puro杀死了,取不到细胞,这很致命;
  2. 不会控制蛋白总量,如果NTC等对照细胞验证缺失,那基本可以重做了,一定要把细胞总量差异控制在1-3倍以内; 

决定WB的结果有二:

  1. load的蛋白总量,不同样品的蛋白总量最好一样,即使有差别也要在10%以内,否则很难判断差异来源;
  2. 目标target蛋白的相对含量,你如果有两个target,那一定要分开binding,否则rare的蛋白会消失掉,比如SOX9; 

 

WB的核心流程:

一、蛋白提取

1. seed cell到6 well plate,注意控制细胞大体的数量

2. PBS wash,洗掉medium和死细胞;

3. 加入200ul的RIPA,用cell scraper刮掉溶解细胞,转移到1.5ml tube里;

4. cold room,spin和rotate 30min;

5. 4度离心机,最大离心力21400rcf 10min;

6. 提取上清液supernatant到新离心管,-20度长期保存;

 

二、蛋白的绝对或相对定量

1. 准备新鲜BCA混合液,A:B=50:1,计算自己的样本量,x4x100即可;

2. 准备蛋白定量U型96控透明板,先加入5ul蛋白样本,然后用multichannel pipet加入100ul BCA混合液;

3. 室温RT incubate 5min,避光,然后上机测量;

 

三、准备上胶的变性蛋白液

1. 准备DTT+4xLaemmli混合液(1:19),5ul DTT + 95ul 4xLaemmli,按需根据比例加配;

2. 计算load的蛋白量,为了方便最稀的蛋白加入20ul,其他按比例减少,不可少于10ul(所以之前要控制总细胞量);

3. 蛋白+RIPA需要达到60ul,然后4x Laemli+DTT则需要20ul,稀释比例为3:1,为了有足够的上样量,我们需要用RIPA稀释,核心就是控制蛋白总量和最终容积;

4. 蛋白变性,99度10min,可以在4度冰箱保存一个月;

 

四、跑胶和转膜

1. 用预制的8%-16% SDS胶,每个lane load 20ul蛋白,不同样品间用ladder隔开,不可有空的lane,可以用4x Laemli+DTT填充,一共有15个lane可用;

2. 先用70V跑30min,达到同一起跑线,然后120V跑85分钟,确保最快的蓝条到达底部,而ladder却没有;

3. 开壳,移胶,非常考验操作,需要miliQ和铲子配合,先松动然后慢慢拖移,不要碰胶,不要弄碎,去除气泡,按顺序堆叠;

4. P0 protocol 7min,其实5分钟已经足够,且有部分转移过度

 

五、一抗二抗结合

1. 切膜,一旦确定了正反就不要再变了,用右上角的三角标记,注意切好后用手机拍照;

2. 切膜也有技巧,第一次不要切太多,看看非特异性位点有多少,确定抗体稀释浓度;

3. 切好后就用blocking buffer室温RT rock 30-60min;

4. 加入primary antibody在cold room 4度过夜;(一般是1:1000稀释,如果非特异性条带过多就1:2000,如JARID2)

5. 用TBST洗3次,每次5分钟;

6. 加入secondary antibody在室温结合1小时;(一般是1:5000稀释,如果信号太弱就1:4000)

7. TBST洗4次,每次5分钟;

8. Image blot成像,Odyssey;

 


 

2023年06月23日

蛋白定量非常不准,所以最好控制细胞量,WB一般需要1-20 million cells。

必须要用WB来确定目标(KO)蛋白表达下降,否则就不该浪费经费进行高通量测序。

 

我决定重新用lentivirus来侵染细胞,其次再用puro来筛一遍,NA是没有意义的control。

然后做cell counting,最少准备两板,一板提RNA,一板提Protein,取少量细胞做PCR testing。

 

posted @ 2023-06-24 02:30  Life·Intelligence  阅读(545)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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