小鼠&人发育过程 | 时间线 | Development Timeline

最近还是容易搞混,尤其是人鼠对比时,对人的发育线的认知非常混乱:

问题:

  • 什么是PCW?关键的PCW节点有哪些?Post-conceptual age,这是个绝对值,7-8 PCW约等于E14,特征是ENS已覆盖gut的全部区域。
  • Carnegie stages是什么?对最早期的三个过程的划分
  • Theiler stages是什么?
  • days post-coitum (dpc)是什么?
  • 为什么小鼠没有fetal?只有E、P、adolescence、adult

还是要看下面这张图,一图胜千言,感谢别人花了这么大力气来绘图,造福人类!


 

搞发育,经常被各种时间线搞懵,一会是什么E,一会是什么P,一会直接说整体年龄多少天,没有一个完整的系统来评估整个发育的时间线。

 

胚胎发育时间判断:

  • 实验中很难判断小鼠什么时候交配(受精),因为胚胎还在小鼠体内发育,所以更难知道胚胎发育到什么阶段;【养鼠是个专业活,一般人干不了】
  • 人也很难知道确切的受精时间,只有胚胎着陆到子宫上,才能通过激素来检测是否怀孕;

 

先说三大类时间线:

  • 绝对时间线,即从受精开始算,多少天就是多少天;
  • 胚胎发育时间,注意胚胎特指受精之后,产前,出生后就没有什么胚胎发育了;
  • 产后发育时间,从出生的那一刻开始算起;【通俗的生日就是落地那一天】

 


 

一切的疑问都是在看论文中发现的:

先看如下的图,基本问题就都来了:

A roadmap for the Human Developmental Cell Atlas

问题:Embryonic为什么不是从受精卵开始的?这里把germinal stage单独列出来了,什么是Germinal stage

The germinal stage involves several different processes that change an egg and sperm first into a zygote, and then into an embryo. The processes include fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, and implantation.

对embryo的定义:stage of growth and development that occurs from implantation in the uterus through the eighth week after fertilization【至少要要着床后才算胚胎】

但不是说在肚子里就是胚胎Embryonic,在Carnegie stages 23之后就是fetal胎儿,这时候最大的特征就是Organogenesis器官形成。

 

问题:什么是Carnegie stages

In embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo.

 

问题:什么是Theiler stages?

Each Theiler stage is identified with one 'average' age, and a range of variation of real ages, centering on this average, that can be seen when real developing embryos are studied. 

 

问题:什么是first、second、third terimester

A pregnancy is divided into trimesters: the first trimester is from week 1 to the end of week 12. the second trimester is from week 13 to the end of week 26. the third trimester is from week 27 to the end of the pregnancy.

怀孕的三个阶段,每个阶段都有代表性的特征。

 

总结:人的发育分得比较细,所以复杂一点,人不会用E和P来说时间,一般用多少day或week?基本分为Fetal、postnatal和adult。


 

小鼠的比较简洁

Mouse Timeline Detailed

看懂下面一段话:

The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis

Mice develop quickly, with just 21 days between fertilization and birth. The implantation of the blastocyst on embryonic day (E) 4.0 is followed by gastrulation and the formation of germ layers on E6.5–E7.51,2. At the early-somite stages, the embryo transits from gastrulation to early organogenesis, forming the neural plate and heart tube (E8.0–E8.5). In the ensuing days (E9.5–E13.5), the embryo expands from hundreds-of-thousands to over tenmillion cells, and concurrently develops nearly all major organ systems. Unsurprisingly, these four days have been intensively studied. Indeed, most genes that underlie major developmental defects can be studied in this window3,4. [MOCA]

也就是说小鼠从受精到出生只需要21天,所以E最多就是E21,之后就进入P,这个21与数据库吻合。

但是因为小鼠胚胎着床是从E4开始,所以这才是研究胚胎发育的起点。

后面就是gastrulation,E6.5-E7.5,这时候neural tube正式形成,我们研究的neural crest也开始迁移(E8.0-E8.5)。

后面就是主要的organogenesis的阶段,E9.5-E13.5,主要器官全部形成,包括gut。

 

Morarach, K. et al. Diversification of molecularly defined myenteric neuron classes revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Nature Neuroscience 24, 34-46, doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00736-x (2021)

The ENS is mainly generated from vagal neural crest cells that colonize the foregut at embryonic day (E)9 and reach the hindgut at E14 where they converge with sacral-derived neural crest cells12. [NN]

ENCC的migration开始于E9,结束于E14,后面就是全面的分化。

 

Histology Atlas of the Developing Prenatal and Postnatal Mouse Central Nervous System, with Emphasis on Prenatal Days E7.5 to E18.5

E7.5 was selected as the earliest time point because the neural plate (i.e., the earliest indication of neural development) is formed at this time. P21 was chosen as the latest time point because neural development continues after birth up to this stage. [TP] 两个关键的时间节点

小鼠出生后,也要一定的时间才能发育为成年,这里选择了P21最为最后的发育阶段。

 


 

【题外话】年龄之谜:

中国的年龄计算,往往有两套计算方法。其中古代中国常用的是虚岁计算法。虚岁又叫毛岁,是中国传统的计龄方法,与生日在哪一天无关,生下来就算一岁,然后每过一个农历春节,就增加一岁。比如有人在农历春节前一天出生,那么出生两天之后,按照虚岁,他就已经两岁了。所以虚岁跟一个人实际活了多少年,没有直接的关系。

周岁则是从国外传过来的概念,也是现在中国的主流计算方法。因为比虚岁科学合理,所以现在中国的正式文件,法律条文中都是用的周岁。刚生下来算零岁,然后每过一次生日算一岁。因此,一个人23周岁,那么就说明他已经活了23年多,但是不到24年。不过周岁计算法也存在闰年的2月29日出生的人,名义上四年才过一次生日的小BUG。

【如果算上十月怀胎,那肯定要再加十个月;如果考虑心理年龄,那就更加复杂了】

 

 

 

参考:

 

posted @ 2022-02-26 13:16  Life·Intelligence  阅读(20431)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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