DRF ---- 视图类 数据工具类 工具视图集 视图集
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
# 继承了APIview 拥有APIview所有
def filter_queryset(self, queryset): # 返回questset对象
def get_object(self):
def get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs):
def get_queryset(self):
一. 视图类
1. ApiView
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class APIView(View): # 继承 django的 View
pass
APIView
是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类,继承自Django的View
父类。
主要干了 局部禁用csrf认证 二次封装response request 三大认证 和 exception
2. GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class GenericAPIView(views.APIView): # 继承 APIview 所以拥有APIView的所有
pass
类中提供了很多帮助我们操作序列化时 使用的方法
get_queryset 配置queryset
class CarGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Car.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
# 在视图类中配置queryset
源码导读:
class GenericAPIView(views.APIView):
# 初始化初始化queryset 默认为空
# queryset 指明使用的数据查询集
queryset = None
def get_queryset(self):
# 断言 判断自己的queryset 是不是为空 然后抛异常
assert self.queryset is not None, (.....)
# 设置值
queryset = self.queryset
# 判断 queryset 是否是 QuerySet 的实例
if isinstance(queryset, QuerySet):
# 如果是的话就帮你点 all
queryset = queryset.all()
# 最后返回 queryset
return queryset
# 不能直接写到objects结束,因为objects结束时,不是QuerySet对象,而是Manager对象,但 .all() 和 .filter() 后一定是QuerySet对象
总结: 判断自己的queryset
是否为空 判断是否是QuerySet
对象后.all
最后得到的一定是 QuerySet
get_object 配置 lookup_url_kwarg
class CarGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
lookup_url_kwarg = 'pk'
# 主键或者外键 配置 且路由的有名分组也要一样!
url
url(r'^v2/cars/(?P<pk>\d+)/', views.xxx.as_view()) # 有名字分组 pk
class GenericAPIView(views.APIView):
# 设置值 且 lookup_url_kwarg为 none
lookup_field = 'pk'
lookup_url_kwarg = None
def get_object(self):
# 调用了get_queryset()方法后继续调用 filter_queryset()
queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
lookup_url_kwarg = self.lookup_url_kwarg or self.lookup_field
# ......
# 中间我们也不管用了啥方法 但是最后返回的是obj
return obj
get_serializer 配置 serializer_class
class CarGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Car.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
serializer_class = serializers.CarModelSerializer # 配置自己的serializers
lookup_url_kwarg = 'pk'
源码:
serializer_class = None
def get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取序列化类
serializer_class = self.get_serializer_class()
# 多余的参数传入 这样你的 validata才可以获取到值
kwargs['context'] = self.get_serializer_context()
# 返回 serializer_class() 类初始化
return serializer_class(*args, **kwargs)
get_serializer_class
def get_serializer_class(self):
# 判断是否配置serializer_class
assert self.serializer_class is not None, (...)
# 返回序列化类
return self.serializer_class
GenericAPIView配置 结合使用:
# url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
class BookDetailView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request, pk):
book = self.get_object() # get_object()方法根据pk参数查找queryset中的数据对象
serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
return Response(serializer.data)
二.视图工具类
from rest_framework import mixins
五个视图扩展类
作用:
提供了几种后端视图(对数据资源进行曾删改查)处理流程的实现,如果需要编写的视图属于这五种,则
视图可以通过继承相应的扩展类来复用代码,减少自己编写的代码量。
这五个扩展类需要搭配GenericAPIView父类,因为五个扩展类的实现需要调用GenericAPIView提供的
序列化器与数据库查询的方法。
1)ListModelMixin 群查
列表视图扩展类,提供list(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法快速实现列表视图,返回200状态码。
该Mixin的list方法会对数据进行过滤和分页
源代码:
class ListModelMixin(object):
"""
List a queryset.
"""
def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 过滤
queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
# 分页
page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
if page is not None:
serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
2)CreateModelMixin 单增
创建视图扩展类,提供create(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法快速实现创建资源的视图,成功返回201状态码。
如果序列化器对前端发送的数据验证失败,返回400错误。
源代码:
class CreateModelMixin(object):
"""
Create a model instance.
"""
def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取序列化器
serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
# 验证
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 保存
self.perform_create(serializer)
headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)
def perform_create(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def get_success_headers(self, data):
try:
return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
except (TypeError, KeyError):
return {}
3) RetrieveModelMixin 单查
详情视图扩展类,提供retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现返回一个存在的数据对象。
如果存在,返回200, 否则返回404。
源代码:
class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
"""
Retrieve a model instance.
"""
def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取对象,会检查对象的权限
instance = self.get_object()
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
举例:
class BookDetailView(RetrieveModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request, pk):
return self.retrieve(request)
4)UpdateModelMixin 单改
更新视图扩展类,提供update(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现更新一个存在的数据对象。
同时也提供partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以实现局部更新。
成功返回200,序列化器校验数据失败时,返回400错误。
源代码:
class UpdateModelMixin(object):
"""
Update a model instance.
"""
def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
instance = self.get_object()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
self.perform_update(serializer)
if getattr(instance, '_prefetched_objects_cache', None):
# If 'prefetch_related' has been applied to a queryset, we need to
# forcibly invalidate the prefetch cache on the instance.
instance._prefetched_objects_cache = {}
return Response(serializer.data)
def perform_update(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['partial'] = True
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
5)DestroyModelMixin 单删
删除视图扩展类,提供destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现删除一个存在的数据对象。
成功返回204,不存在返回404。
源代码:
class DestroyModelMixin(object):
"""
Destroy a model instance.
"""
def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
instance = self.get_object()
self.perform_destroy(instance)
return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
def perform_destroy(self, instance):
instance.delete()
使用:
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin
class BookListView(ListModelMixin, GenericAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def get(self, request):
return self.list(request)
三. 工具视图集 七个子类视图
from rest_framework import generics
1)CreateAPIView # 单增
提供 post 方法
继承自: GenericAPIView、CreateModelMixin
2)ListAPIView
提供 get 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、ListModelMixin
class CreateAPIView(mixins.CreateModelMixin,
GenericAPIView):
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
3)RetrieveAPIView # 单查
提供 get 方法
继承自: GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin
class RetrieveAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
GenericAPIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
4)DestoryAPIView # 单删
提供 delete 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、DestoryModelMixin
class DestroyAPIView(mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
GenericAPIView):
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
5)UpdateAPIView # 单改
提供 put 和 patch 方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、UpdateModelMixin
class UpdateAPIView(mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
GenericAPIView):
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
6)RetrieveUpdateAPIView # 单查 单改
提供 get、put、patch方法
继承自: GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin
class RetrieveUpdateAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
GenericAPIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
7)RetrieveUpdateDestoryAPIView # 单查 单改 单删
提供 get、put、patch、delete方法
继承自:GenericAPIView、RetrieveModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin
class RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
GenericAPIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
使用:
# 单独完成群查接口
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
class CarListAPIView(ListAPIView):
queryset = models.Car.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
serializer_class = serializers.CarModelSerializer
# 单查(get)、单整体改(put)、单局部改(patch)、单删接口(delete)
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
class CarRetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset = models.Car.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
serializer_class = serializers.CarModelSerializer
四.视图集ViewSet
from rest_framework import viewsets
使用视图集ViewSet,可以将一系列逻辑相关的动作放到一个类中:
- list() 提供一组数据
- retrieve() 提供单个数据
- create() 创建数据
- update() 保存数据
- destory() 删除数据
ViewSet视图集类不再实现get()、post()等方法,而是实现动作 action 如 list() 、create() 等。
视图集只在使用as_view()方法的时候,才会将action动作与具体请求方式对应上。如:
class BookInfoViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):
def list(self, request):
books = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer = BookInfoSerializer(books, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):
try:
books = BookInfo.objects.get(id=pk)
except BookInfo.DoesNotExist:
return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
serializer = BookInfoSerializer(books)
return Response(serializer.data)
在设置路由时,我们可以如下操作
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^books/$', BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get':'list'}),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})
]
常用视图集父类
class ViewSet(ViewSetMixin, views.APIView):
pass
class GenericViewSet(ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView):
pass
1) ViewSet
继承自APIView
与ViewSetMixin
,作用也与APIView基本类似,提供了身份认证、权限校验、流量管理等。
ViewSet主要通过继承ViewSetMixin来实现在调用as_view()时传入字典(如{'get':'list'})的映射处理工作。
在ViewSet中,没有提供任何动作action方法,需要我们自己实现action方法。
2)GenericViewSet
使用ViewSet通常并不方便,因为list、retrieve、create、update、destory等方法都需要自己编写,而这些方法与前面讲过的Mixin扩展类提供的方法同名,所以我们可以通过继承Mixin扩展类来复用这些方法而无需自己编写。但是Mixin扩展类依赖与GenericAPIView
,所以还需要继承GenericAPIView
。
GenericViewSet就帮助我们完成了这样的继承工作,继承自GenericAPIView
与ViewSetMixin
,在实现了调用as_view()时传入字典(如{'get':'list'}
)的映射处理工作的同时,还提供了GenericAPIView
提供的基础方法,可以直接搭配Mixin扩展类使用。
举例:
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.decorators import action
class BookInfoViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
url的定义
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^books/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})),
]
3)ModelViewSet
继承自GenericViewSet
,同时包括了ListModelMixin、RetrieveModelMixin、CreateModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin。
4)ReadOnlyModelViewSet
继承自GenericViewSet
,同时包括了ListModelMixin、RetrieveModelMixin。
视图集中定义附加action动作
在视图集中,除了上述默认的方法动作外,还可以添加自定义动作。
举例:
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.decorators import action
class BookInfoViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
def latest(self, request):
"""
返回最新的图书信息
"""
book = BookInfo.objects.latest('id')
serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
return Response(serializer.data)
def read(self, request, pk):
"""
修改图书的阅读量数据
"""
book = self.get_object()
book.bread = request.data.get('read')
book.save()
serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
return Response(serializer.data)
url的定义
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^books/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})),
url(r'^books/latest/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'latest'})),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/read/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'put': 'read'})),
]
action属性
在视图集中,我们可以通过action对象属性来获取当前请求视图集时的action动作是哪个。
例如:
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet
from booktest.models import BookInfo
from .serializers import BookInfoModelSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class BookInfoModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoModelSerializer
def get_top_5(self,request):
"""获取评论值最多的5条数据"""
# 操作数据库
print(self.action) # 获取本次请求的视图方法名
通过路由访问到当前方法中.可以看到本次的action就是请求的方法名