Spring MVC测试框架详解——服务端测试
随着RESTful Web Service的流行,测试对外的Service是否满足期望也变的必要的。从Spring 3.2开始Spring了Spring Web测试框架,如果版本低于3.2,请使用spring-test-mvc项目(合并到spring3.2中了)。
Spring MVC测试框架提供了对服务器端和客户端(基于RestTemplate的客户端)提供了支持。
对于服务器端:在Spring 3.2之前,我们测试时一般都是直接new控制器,注入依赖,然后判断返回值。但是我们无法连同Spring MVC的基础设施(如DispatcherServlet调度、类型转换、数据绑定、拦截器等)一起测试,另外也没有现成的方法测试如最终渲染的视图(@ResponseBody生成的JSON/XML、JSP、Velocity等)内容是否正确。从Spring 3.2开始这些事情都可以完成了。而且可以测试完整的Spring MVC流程,即从URL请求到控制器处理,再到视图渲染都可以测试。
对于客户端:不需要启动服务器即可测试我们的RESTful 服务。
1 服务器端测试
我的环境:JDK7、Maven3、spring4、Servlet3
首先添加依赖
如下是spring-context和spring-webmvc依赖:
1 <dependency> 2 <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> 3 <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> 4 <version>${spring.version}</version> 5 </dependency> 6 7 <dependency> 8 <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> 9 <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> 10 <version>${spring.version}</version> 11 </dependency>
版本信息:<spring.version>4.0.0.RELEASE</spring.version>
如下是测试相关的依赖(junit、hamcrest、mockito、spring-test):
1 <dependency> 2 <groupId>junit</groupId> 3 <artifactId>junit</artifactId> 4 <version>${junit.version}</version> 5 <scope>test</scope> 6 </dependency> 7 8 <dependency> 9 <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId> 10 <artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId> 11 <version>${hamcrest.core.version}/version> 12 <scope>test</scope> 13 </dependency> 14 <dependency> 15 <groupId>org.mockito</groupId> 16 <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId> 17 <version>${mockito.core.version}</version> 18 <scope>test</scope> 19 </dependency> 20 21 <dependency> 22 <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> 23 <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId> 24 <version>${spring.version}</version> 25 <scope>test</scope> 26 </dependency>
版本信息:<junit.version>4.11</junit.version>、<hamcrest.core.version>1.3</hamcrest.core.version>、<mockito.core.version>1.9.5</mockito.core.version>
然后准备测试相关配置
实体:
1 package com.sishuok.mvc.entity; 2 import java.io.Serializable; 3 public class User implements Serializable { 4 private Long id; 5 private String name; 6 //省略getter/setter等 7 }
控制器:
1 package com.sishuok.mvc.controller; 2 //省略import 3 @Controller 4 @RequestMapping("/user") 5 public class UserController { 6 7 @RequestMapping("/{id}") 8 public ModelAndView view(@PathVariable("id") Long id, HttpServletRequest req) { 9 User user = new User(); 10 user.setId(id); 11 user.setName("zhang"); 12 13 ModelAndView mv = new ModelAndView(); 14 mv.addObject("user", user); 15 mv.setViewName("user/view"); 16 return mv; 17 } 18 }
XML风格配置:
spring-config.xml:加载非web层组件
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 3 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 4 xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 5 xsi:schemaLocation=" 6 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd 7 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd 8 "> 9 <!-- 通过web.xml中的 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 加载的 --> 10 <!-- 请参考 http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1602617 --> 11 <context:component-scan base-package="com.sishuok.mvc"> 12 <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/> 13 </context:component-scan> 14 </beans>
spring-mvc.xml:加载和配置web层组件
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 3 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 4 xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 5 xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" 6 xsi:schemaLocation=" 7 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd 8 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd 9 http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd 10 "> 11 <!-- 通过web.xml中的 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 加载的 --> 12 <!-- 请参考 http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1602617 --> 13 <context:component-scan base-package="com.sishuok.mvc" use-default-filters="false"> 14 <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/> 15 </context:component-scan> 16 <mvc:annotation-driven/> 17 <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"> 18 <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"/> 19 <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/> 20 </bean> 21 </beans>
等价的注解风格配置:
AppConfig.java:等价于spring-config.xml
1 package com.sishuok.config; 2 3 import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; 4 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; 5 import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType; 6 import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; 7 8 @Configuration 9 @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.sishuok.mvc", excludeFilters = { 10 @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = {Controller.class}) 11 }) 12 public class AppConfig { 13 }
MvcConfig.java:等价于spring-mvc.xml
1 package com.sishuok.config; 2 3 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; 4 import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; 5 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; 6 import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType; 7 import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; 8 import org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver; 9 import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc; 10 import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurationSupport; 11 import org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver; 12 13 @Configuration 14 @EnableWebMvc 15 @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.sishuok.mvc", useDefaultFilters = false, includeFilters = { 16 @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = {Controller.class}) 17 }) 18 public class MvcConfig extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport { 19 20 @Bean 21 public ViewResolver viewResolver() { 22 InternalResourceViewResolver viewResolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver(); 23 viewResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/jsp/"); 24 viewResolver.setSuffix(".jsp"); 25 return viewResolver; 26 } 27 28 }
WebInitializer.java:注册相应的web.xml中的组件'
1 package com.sishuok.config; 2 3 import org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer; 4 import org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener; 5 import org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext; 6 import org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter; 7 import org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet; 8 9 import javax.servlet.DispatcherType; 10 import javax.servlet.FilterRegistration; 11 import javax.servlet.ServletException; 12 import javax.servlet.ServletRegistration; 13 import java.util.EnumSet; 14 15 public class WebInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer { 16 17 @Override 18 public void onStartup(javax.servlet.ServletContext sc) throws ServletException { 19 20 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext rootContext = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); 21 rootContext.register(AppConfig.class); 22 sc.addListener(new ContextLoaderListener(rootContext)); 23 24 //2、springmvc上下文 25 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext springMvcContext = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); 26 springMvcContext.register(MvcConfig.class); 27 //3、DispatcherServlet 28 DispatcherServlet dispatcherServlet = new DispatcherServlet(springMvcContext); 29 ServletRegistration.Dynamic dynamic = sc.addServlet("dispatcherServlet", dispatcherServlet); 30 dynamic.setLoadOnStartup(1); 31 dynamic.addMapping("/"); 32 33 //4、CharacterEncodingFilter 34 CharacterEncodingFilter characterEncodingFilter = new CharacterEncodingFilter(); 35 characterEncodingFilter.setEncoding("utf-8"); 36 FilterRegistration filterRegistration = 37 sc.addFilter("characterEncodingFilter", characterEncodingFilter); 38 filterRegistration.addMappingForUrlPatterns(EnumSet.of(DispatcherType.REQUEST), false, "/"); 39 40 } 41 }
1.1 以前的测试方式
1 package com.sishuok.mvc.controller; 2 //省略import 3 public class UserControllerTest { 4 5 private UserController userController; 6 7 @Before 8 public void setUp() { 9 userController = new UserController(); 10 //安装userCtroller依赖 比如userService 11 } 12 13 @Test 14 public void testView() { 15 MockHttpServletRequest req = new MockHttpServletRequest(); 16 ModelAndView mv = userController.view(1L, req); 17 18 ModelAndViewAssert.assertViewName(mv, "user/view"); 19 ModelAndViewAssert.assertModelAttributeAvailable(mv, "user"); 20 21 } 22 }
准备控制器:我们通过new方式创建一个,然后手工查找依赖注入进去(比如从spring容器获取/new的);
Mock Request:此处使用Spring提供的Mock API模拟一个HttpServletRequest,其他的Servlet API也提供了相应的Mock类,具体请查看Javadoc;
访问控制器方法:通过直接调用控制器方法进行访问,此处无法验证Spring MVC框架的类型转换、数据验证等是否正常;
ModelAndViewAssert:通过这个Assert API验证我们的返回值是否正常;
对于单元测试步骤请参考:加速Java应用开发速度3——单元/集成测试+CI
这种方式的缺点已经说过了,如不能走Spring MVC完整流程(不能走Servlet的过滤器链、SpringMVC的类型转换、数据验证、数据绑定、拦截器等等),如果做基本的测试没问题,这种方式就是纯粹的单元测试,我们想要的功能其实是一种集成测试,不过后续部分不区分。
1.2 安装测试环境
spring mvc测试框架提供了两种方式,独立安装和集成Web环境测试(此种方式并不会集成真正的web环境,而是通过相应的Mock API进行模拟测试,无须启动服务器)。
独立测试方式
1 public class UserControllerStandaloneSetupTest { 2 private MockMvc mockMvc; 3 @Before 4 public void setUp() { 5 UserController userController = new UserController(); 6 mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(userController).build(); 7 } 8 }
1、首先自己创建相应的控制器,注入相应的依赖
2、通过MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup模拟一个Mvc测试环境,通过build得到一个MockMvc
3、MockMvc:是我们以后测试时经常使用的API,后边介绍
集成Web环境方式
1 //XML风格 2 @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 3 @WebAppConfiguration(value = "src/main/webapp") 4 @ContextHierarchy({ 5 @ContextConfiguration(name = "parent", locations = "classpath:spring-config.xml"), 6 @ContextConfiguration(name = "child", locations = "classpath:spring-mvc.xml") 7 }) 8 9 //注解风格 10 //@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 11 //@WebAppConfiguration(value = "src/main/webapp") 12 //@ContextHierarchy({ 13 // @ContextConfiguration(name = "parent", classes = AppConfig.class), 14 // @ContextConfiguration(name = "child", classes = MvcConfig.class) 15 //}) 16 public class UserControllerWebAppContextSetupTest { 17 18 @Autowired 19 private WebApplicationContext wac; 20 private MockMvc mockMvc; 21 22 @Before 23 public void setUp() { 24 mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build(); 25 } 26 }
1、@WebAppConfiguration:测试环境使用,用来表示测试环境使用的ApplicationContext将是WebApplicationContext类型的;value指定web应用的根;
2、@ContextHierarchy:指定容器层次,即spring-config.xml是父容器,而spring-mvc.xml是子容器,请参考《第三章 DispatcherServlet详解 ——跟开涛学SpringMVC》
3、通过@Autowired WebApplicationContext wac:注入web环境的ApplicationContext容器;
4、然后通过MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build()创建一个MockMvc进行测试;
1.3、HelloWorld
1 @Test 2 public void testView() throws Exception { 3 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1")) 4 .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("user/view")) 5 .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("user")) 6 .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print()) 7 .andReturn(); 8 9 Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get("user")); 10 }
1、mockMvc.perform执行一个请求;
2、MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1")构造一个请求
3、ResultActions.andExpect添加执行完成后的断言
4、ResultActions.andDo添加一个结果处理器,表示要对结果做点什么事情,比如此处使用MockMvcResultHandlers.print()输出整个响应结果信息。
5、ResultActions.andReturn表示执行完成后返回相应的结果。
整个测试过程非常有规律:
1、准备测试环境
2、通过MockMvc执行请求
3.1、添加验证断言
3.2、添加结果处理器
3.3、得到MvcResult进行自定义断言/进行下一步的异步请求
4、卸载测试环境
1.4、了解测试API
Spring mvc测试框架提供了测试MVC需要的API,主要包括Servlet/JSP Mock、MockMvcBuilder、MockMvc、RequestBuilder、ResultMatcher、ResultHandler、MvcResult等。另外提供了几个静态工厂方法便于测试:MockMvcBuilders、MockMvcRequestBuilders、MockMvcResultMatchers、MockMvcResultHandlers。在使用时请使用静态方法导入方便测试,如:
1 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.*; 2 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*; 3 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*; 4 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers.*;
Servlet/JSP API Mock
提供了对Servlet 3 相应API的Mock,如:
MockServletContext
MockHttpServletRequest
MockHttpServletResponse
……
具体请查看spring-test模块的org.springframework.mock.web包。
MockMvcBuilder/MockMvcBuilders
MockMvcBuilder是用来构造MockMvc的构造器,其主要有两个实现:StandaloneMockMvcBuilder和DefaultMockMvcBuilder,分别对应之前的两种测试方式。对于我们来说直接使用静态工厂MockMvcBuilders创建即可:
MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(WebApplicationContext context):指定WebApplicationContext,将会从该上下文获取相应的控制器并得到相应的MockMvc;
MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(Object... controllers):通过参数指定一组控制器,这样就不需要从上下文获取了;
其中DefaultMockMvcBuilder还提供了如下API:
addFilters(Filter... filters)/addFilter(Filter filter, String... urlPatterns):添加javax.servlet.Filter过滤器
defaultRequest(RequestBuilder requestBuilder):默认的RequestBuilder,每次执行时会合并到自定义的RequestBuilder中,即提供公共请求数据的;
alwaysExpect(ResultMatcher resultMatcher):定义全局的结果验证器,即每次执行请求时都进行验证的规则;
alwaysDo(ResultHandler resultHandler):定义全局结果处理器,即每次请求时都进行结果处理;
dispatchOptions:DispatcherServlet是否分发OPTIONS请求方法到控制器;
StandaloneMockMvcBuilder继承了DefaultMockMvcBuilder,又提供了如下API:
setMessageConverters(HttpMessageConverter<?>...messageConverters):设置HTTP消息转换器;
setValidator(Validator validator):设置验证器;
setConversionService(FormattingConversionService conversionService):设置转换服务;
addInterceptors(HandlerInterceptor... interceptors)/addMappedInterceptors(String[] pathPatterns, HandlerInterceptor... interceptors):添加spring mvc拦截器;
setContentNegotiationManager(ContentNegotiationManager contentNegotiationManager):设置内容协商管理器;
setAsyncRequestTimeout(long timeout):设置异步超时时间;
setCustomArgumentResolvers(HandlerMethodArgumentResolver... argumentResolvers):设置自定义控制器方法参数解析器;
setCustomReturnValueHandlers(HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler... handlers):设置自定义控制器方法返回值处理器;
setHandlerExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> exceptionResolvers)/setHandlerExceptionResolvers(HandlerExceptionResolver... exceptionResolvers):设置异常解析器;
setViewResolvers(ViewResolver...resolvers):设置视图解析器;
setSingleView(View view):设置单个视图,即视图解析时总是解析到这一个(仅适用于只有一个视图的情况);
setLocaleResolver(LocaleResolver localeResolver):设置Local解析器;
setFlashMapManager(FlashMapManager flashMapManager):设置FlashMapManager,如存储重定向数据;
setUseSuffixPatternMatch(boolean useSuffixPatternMatch):设置是否是后缀模式匹配,如“/user”是否匹配"/user.*",默认真即匹配;
setUseTrailingSlashPatternMatch(boolean useTrailingSlashPatternMatch):设置是否自动后缀路径模式匹配,如“/user”是否匹配“/user/”,默认真即匹配;
addPlaceHolderValue(String name, String value) :添加request mapping中的占位符替代;
因为StandaloneMockMvcBuilder不会加载Spring MVC配置文件,因此就不会注册我们需要的一些组件,因此就提供了如上API用于注册我们需要的相应组件。
MockMvc
使用之前的MockMvcBuilder.build()得到构建好的MockMvc;这个是mvc测试的核心API,对于该API的使用方式如下:
1 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1")) 2 .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("user/view")) 3 .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("user")) 4 .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print()) 5 .andReturn();
perform:执行一个RequestBuilder请求,会自动执行SpringMVC的流程并映射到相应的控制器执行处理;
andExpect:添加ResultMatcher验证规则,验证控制器执行完成后结果是否正确;
andDo:添加ResultHandler结果处理器,比如调试时打印结果到控制台;
andReturn:最后返回相应的MvcResult;然后进行自定义验证/进行下一步的异步处理;
另外还提供了以下API:
setDefaultRequest:设置默认的RequestBuilder,用于在每次perform执行相应的RequestBuilder时自动把该默认的RequestBuilder合并到perform的RequestBuilder中;
setGlobalResultMatchers:设置全局的预期结果验证规则,如我们通过MockMvc测试多个控制器时,假设它们都想验证某个规则时,就可以使用这个;
setGlobalResultHandlers:设置全局的ResultHandler结果处理器;
RequestBuilder/MockMvcRequestBuilders
从名字可以看出,RequestBuilder用来构建请求的,其提供了一个方法buildRequest(ServletContext servletContext)用于构建MockHttpServletRequest;其主要有两个子类MockHttpServletRequestBuilder和MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder(如文件上传使用),即用来Mock客户端请求需要的所有数据。
MockMvcRequestBuilders主要API:
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):根据uri模板和uri变量值得到一个GET请求方式的MockHttpServletRequestBuilder;如get("/user/{id}", 1L);
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder post(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是POST方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder put(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是PUT方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder delete(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) :同get类似,但是是DELETE方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder options(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是OPTIONS方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder request(HttpMethod httpMethod, String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):提供自己的Http请求方法及uri模板和uri变量,如上API都是委托给这个API;
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder fileUpload(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):提供文件上传方式的请求,得到MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder;
RequestBuilder asyncDispatch(final MvcResult mvcResult):创建一个从启动异步处理的请求的MvcResult进行异步分派的RequestBuilder;
接下来再看看MockHttpServletRequestBuilder和MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder API:
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder API:
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder header(String name, Object... values)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder headers(HttpHeaders httpHeaders):添加头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contentType(MediaType mediaType):指定请求的contentType头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(MediaType... mediaTypes)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(String... mediaTypes):指定请求的Accept头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(byte[] content)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(String content):指定请求Body体内容;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder cookie(Cookie... cookies):指定请求的Cookie;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder locale(Locale locale):指定请求的Locale;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder characterEncoding(String encoding):指定请求字符编码;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestAttr(String name, Object value) :设置请求属性数据;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttrs(Map<String, Object> sessionAttributes):设置请求session属性数据;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttrs(Map<String, Object> flashAttributes):指定请求的flash信息,比如重定向后的属性信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder session(MockHttpSession session) :指定请求的Session;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder principal(Principal principal) :指定请求的Principal;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contextPath(String contextPath) :指定请求的上下文路径,必须以“/”开头,且不能以“/”结尾;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder pathInfo(String pathInfo) :请求的路径信息,必须以“/”开头;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder secure(boolean secure):请求是否使用安全通道;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder with(RequestPostProcessor postProcessor):请求的后处理器,用于自定义一些请求处理的扩展点;
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder继承自MockHttpServletRequestBuilder,又提供了如下API:
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(String name, byte[] content)/MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(MockMultipartFile file):指定要上传的文件;
ResultActions
调用MockMvc.perform(RequestBuilder requestBuilder)后将得到ResultActions,通过ResultActions完成如下三件事:
ResultActions andExpect(ResultMatcher matcher) :添加验证断言来判断执行请求后的结果是否是预期的;
ResultActions andDo(ResultHandler handler) :添加结果处理器,用于对验证成功后执行的动作,如输出下请求/结果信息用于调试;
MvcResult andReturn() :返回验证成功后的MvcResult;用于自定义验证/下一步的异步处理;
ResultMatcher/MockMvcResultMatchers
ResultMatcher用来匹配执行完请求后的结果验证,其就一个match(MvcResult result)断言方法,如果匹配失败将抛出相应的异常;spring mvc测试框架提供了很多***ResultMatchers来满足测试需求。注意这些***ResultMatchers并不是ResultMatcher的子类,而是返回ResultMatcher实例的。Spring mvc测试框架为了测试方便提供了MockMvcResultMatchers静态工厂方法方便操作;具体的API如下:
HandlerResultMatchers handler():请求的Handler验证器,比如验证处理器类型/方法名;此处的Handler其实就是处理请求的控制器;
RequestResultMatchers request():得到RequestResultMatchers验证器;
ModelResultMatchers model():得到模型验证器;
ViewResultMatchers view():得到视图验证器;
FlashAttributeResultMatchers flash():得到Flash属性验证;
StatusResultMatchers status():得到响应状态验证器;
HeaderResultMatchers header():得到响应Header验证器;
CookieResultMatchers cookie():得到响应Cookie验证器;
ContentResultMatchers content():得到响应内容验证器;
JsonPathResultMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object ... args)/ResultMatcher jsonPath(String expression, Matcher<T> matcher):得到Json表达式验证器;
XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Object... args)/XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Map<String, String> namespaces, Object... args):得到Xpath表达式验证器;
ResultMatcher forwardedUrl(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后转发的url(绝对匹配);
ResultMatcher forwardedUrlPattern(final String urlPattern):验证处理完请求后转发的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
ResultMatcher redirectedUrl(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后重定向的url(绝对匹配);
ResultMatcher redirectedUrlPattern(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后重定向的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
得到相应的***ResultMatchers后,接着再调用其相应的API得到ResultMatcher,如ModelResultMatchers.attributeExists(final String... names)判断Model属性是否存在。具体请查看相应的API。再次就不一一列举了。
ResultHandler/MockMvcResultHandlers
ResultHandler用于对处理的结果进行相应处理的,比如输出整个请求/响应等信息方便调试,Spring mvc测试框架提供了MockMvcResultHandlers静态工厂方法,该工厂提供了ResultHandler print()返回一个输出MvcResult详细信息到控制台的ResultHandler实现。
MvcResult
即执行完控制器后得到的整个结果,并不仅仅是返回值,其包含了测试时需要的所有信息,如:
MockHttpServletRequest getRequest():得到执行的请求;
MockHttpServletResponse getResponse():得到执行后的响应;
Object getHandler():得到执行的处理器,一般就是控制器;
HandlerInterceptor[] getInterceptors():得到对处理器进行拦截的拦截器;
ModelAndView getModelAndView():得到执行后的ModelAndView;
Exception getResolvedException():得到HandlerExceptionResolver解析后的异常;
FlashMap getFlashMap():得到FlashMap;
Object getAsyncResult()/Object getAsyncResult(long timeout):得到异步执行的结果;
1.5 测试示例
测试普通控制器
1 //测试普通控制器 2 mockMvc.perform(get("/user/{id}", 1)) //执行请求 3 .andExpect(model().attributeExists("user")) //验证存储模型数据 4 .andExpect(view().name("user/view")) //验证viewName 5 .andExpect(forwardedUrl("/WEB-INF/jsp/user/view.jsp"))//验证视图渲染时forward到的jsp 6 .andExpect(status().isOk())//验证状态码 7 .andDo(print()); //输出MvcResult到控制台
测试普通控制器,但是URL错误,即404
1 //找不到控制器,404测试 2 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user2/{id}", 1)) //执行请求 3 .andDo(print()) 4 .andExpect(status().isNotFound()) //验证控制器不存在 5 .andReturn(); 6 Assert.assertNull(result.getModelAndView()); //自定义断言
得到MvcResult自定义验证
1 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/{id}", 1))//执行请求 2 .andReturn(); //返回MvcResult 3 Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get("user")); //自定义断言
验证请求参数绑定到模型数据及Flash属性
1 mockMvc.perform(post("/user").param("name", "zhang")) //执行传递参数的POST请求(也可以post("/user?name=zhang")) 2 .andExpect(handler().handlerType(UserController.class)) //验证执行的控制器类型 3 .andExpect(handler().methodName("create")) //验证执行的控制器方法名 4 .andExpect(model().hasNoErrors()) //验证页面没有错误 5 .andExpect(flash().attributeExists("success")) //验证存在flash属性 6 .andExpect(view().name("redirect:/user")); //验证视图
验证请求参数验证失败出错
1 mockMvc.perform(post("/user").param("name", "admin")) //执行请求 2 .andExpect(model().hasErrors()) //验证模型有错误 3 .andExpect(model().attributeDoesNotExist("name")) //验证存在错误的属性 4 .andExpect(view().name("showCreateForm")); //验证视图
文件上传
1 //文件上传 2 byte[] bytes = new byte[] {1, 2}; 3 mockMvc.perform(fileUpload("/user/{id}/icon", 1L).file("icon", bytes)) //执行文件上传 4 .andExpect(model().attribute("icon", bytes)) //验证属性相等性 5 .andExpect(view().name("success")); //验证视图
JSON请求/响应验证
测试时需要安装jackson Json和JsonPath依赖:
1 dependency> 2 <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId> 3 <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId> 4 <version>${jackson2.version}</version> 5 </dependency> 6 7 <dependency> 8 <groupId>com.jayway.jsonpath</groupId> 9 <artifactId>json-path</artifactId> 10 <version>${jsonpath.version}</version> 11 <scope>test</scope> 12 </dependency>
版本:<jsonpath.version>0.9.0</jsonpath.version>、<jackson2.version>2.2.3</jackson2.version>
1 String requestBody = "{\"id\":1, \"name\":\"zhang\"}"; 2 mockMvc.perform(post("/user") 3 .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(requestBody) 4 .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //执行请求 5 .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //验证响应contentType 6 .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1)); //使用Json path验证JSON 请参考http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath/ 7 8 String errorBody = "{id:1, name:zhang}"; 9 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(post("/user") 10 .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(errorBody) 11 .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //执行请求 12 .andExpect(status().isBadRequest()) //400错误请求 13 .andReturn(); 14 15 Assert.assertTrue(HttpMessageNotReadableException.class.isAssignableFrom(result.getResolvedException().getClass()));//错误的请求内容体
XML请求/响应验证
测试时需要安装spring oxm和xstream依赖:
1 <dependency> 2 <groupId>com.thoughtworks.xstream</groupId> 3 <artifactId>xstream</artifactId> 4 <version>${xsream.version}</version> 5 <scope>test</scope> 6 </dependency> 7 8 <dependency> 9 <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> 10 <artifactId>spring-oxm</artifactId> 11 <version>${spring.version}</version> 12 <scope>test</scope> 13 </dependency>
版本:<xstream.version>1.4.4</xstream.version>
1 String requestBody = "<user><id>1</id><name>zhang</name></user>"; 2 mockMvc.perform(post("/user") 3 .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML).content(requestBody) 4 .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)) //执行请求 5 .andDo(print()) 6 .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)) //验证响应contentType 7 .andExpect(xpath("/user/id/text()").string("1")); //使用XPath表达式验证XML 请参考http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/ 8 9 String errorBody = "<user><id>1</id><name>zhang</name>"; 10 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(post("/user") 11 .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML).content(errorBody) 12 .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)) //执行请求 13 .andExpect(status().isBadRequest()) //400错误请求 14 .andReturn(); 15 16 Assert.assertTrue(HttpMessageNotReadableException.class.isAssignableFrom(result.getResolvedException().getClass()));//错误的请求内容体
异常处理
1 //异常处理 2 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/exception")) //执行请求 3 .andExpect(status().isInternalServerError()) //验证服务器内部错误 4 .andReturn(); 5 6 Assert.assertTrue(IllegalArgumentException.class.isAssignableFrom(result.getResolvedException().getClass()));
静态资源
1 //静态资源 2 mockMvc.perform(get("/static/app.js")) //执行请求 3 .andExpect(status().isOk()) //验证状态码200 4 .andExpect(content().string(CoreMatchers.containsString("var")));//验证渲染后的视图内容包含var 5 6 mockMvc.perform(get("/static/app1.js")) //执行请求 7 .andExpect(status().isNotFound()); //验证状态码404
异步测试
1 //Callable 2 MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/async1?id=1&name=zhang")) //执行请求 3 .andExpect(request().asyncStarted()) 4 .andExpect(request().asyncResult(CoreMatchers.instanceOf(User.class))) //默认会等10秒超时 5 .andReturn(); 6 7 mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result)) 8 .andExpect(status().isOk()) 9 .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) 10 .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1));
1 //DeferredResult 2 result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/async2?id=1&name=zhang")) //执行请求 3 .andExpect(request().asyncStarted()) 4 .andExpect(request().asyncResult(CoreMatchers.instanceOf(User.class))) //默认会等10秒超时 5 .andReturn(); 6 7 mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result)) 8 .andExpect(status().isOk()) 9 .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) 10 .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1));
此处请在第一次请求时加上 andExpect(request().asyncResult(CoreMatchers.instanceOf(User.class)))这样会等待结果返回/超时,无须自己设置线程等待了;此处注意request().asyncResult一定是在第一次请求发出;然后第二次通过asyncDispatch进行异步请求。
添加自定义过滤器
1 mockMvc = webAppContextSetup(wac).addFilter(new MyFilter(), "/*").build(); 2 mockMvc.perform(get("/user/1")) 3 .andExpect(request().attribute("filter", true));
全局配置
1 mockMvc = webAppContextSetup(wac) 2 .defaultRequest(get("/user/1").requestAttr("default", true)) //默认请求 如果其是Mergeable类型的,会自动合并的哦mockMvc.perform中的RequestBuilder 3 .alwaysDo(print()) //默认每次执行请求后都做的动作 4 .alwaysExpect(request().attribute("default", true)) //默认每次执行后进行验证的断言 5 .build(); 6 7 mockMvc.perform(get("/user/1")) 8 .andExpect(model().attributeExists("user"));
只要记住测试步骤,按照步骤操作,整个测试过程是非常容易理解的:
1、准备测试环境
2、通过MockMvc执行请求
3.1、添加验证断言
3.2、添加结果处理器
3.3、得到MvcResult进行自定义断言/进行下一步的异步请求
4、卸载测试环境