C++指针之间的赋值与转换规则总结
C++指针之间的赋值与转换规则总结
Note:以下结论不适用于类的成员函数指针,关于类的成员函数指针会单独讨论。
一、任何类型的指针变量均可直接赋值给const void *
任何类型的非const指针变量均可直接赋值给void *
const指针变量不可直接赋值给void *,除非通过强制类型转换
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class A { }; typedef int (*pFun)(string);
//函数指针 int *pInt; const int *pInt_c; char *pChar; const char *pChar_c; double *pDouble; const double *pDouble_c; A
*pA; //自定义类型指针 const A
*pA_c; pFun
pf; //函数指针 void *
pVoid; const void *
pVoid_c; //
1.任何类型的指针变量均可直接赋值给const void * pVoid_c
= pInt; //ok pVoid_c
= pInt_c; //ok pVoid_c
= pChar; //ok pVoid_c
= pChar_c; //ok pVoid_c
= pDouble; //ok pVoid_c
= pDouble_c; //ok pVoid_c
= pA; //ok pVoid_c
= pA_c; //ok pVoid_c
= pf; //ok //
2.任何类型的非const指针变量均可直接赋值给void * pVoid
= pInt; //ok pVoid
= pChar; //ok pVoid
= pDouble; //ok pVoid
= pA; //ok pVoid
= pf; //ok //
3.const指针变量不可直接赋值给void *,除非通过强制类型转换 pVoid
= pInt_c; //error:
cannot convert from 'const int *' to 'void *' pVoid
= pChar_c; //error:
cannot convert from 'const char *' to 'void *' pVoid
= pDouble_c; //error:
cannot convert from 'const double *' to 'void *' pVoid
= pA_c; //error:
cannot convert from 'const A *' to 'void *' pVoid
= ( void *)pInt_c;
//ok pVoid
= ( void *)pChar_c;
//ok pVoid
= ( void *)pDouble_c;
//ok pVoid
= ( void *)pA_c;
//ok |
二、任意类型指针变量之间均可以强制类型转换,包括const与非const指针变量之间的强制类型转换。
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pInt
= ( int *)pDouble;
//ok pInt
= ( int *)pf;
//ok pInt
= ( int *)pInt_c;
//ok:由const指针变量转非const指针变量 pInt
= ( int *)pA_c;
//ok:由const指针变量转非const指针变量 pA
= (A*)pA_c; //ok:由const指针变量转非const指针变量 pA
= (A*)pDouble; //ok pA
= (A*)pf; //ok
pf
= (pFun)pDouble; //ok pf
= (pFun)pA; //ok |
三、有继承关系的自定义类型之间:子类型指针变量可直接赋值给父类型指针变量
父类型指针变量不可直接赋值给子类型指针变量,除非通过强制类型转换
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class A {}; class B
: public A
//
B继承自A {}; class C {}; A*
pA; B*
pB; C*
pC; pA
= pB; //ok:
子类型指针变量可直接赋值给父类型指针变量 pB
= pA; //error:
父类型指针变量不可直接赋值给子类型指针变量,除非强制类型转换 //以下适用规则二: pA
= (A*)pC; //ok pB
= (B*)pA; //ok pB
= (B*)pC; //ok pC
= (C*)pA; //ok pC
= (C*)pB; //ok |
补充:
1、对于类的成员函数指针,以上原则不适用。
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class A {}; typedef void (A::*AFunPointer)( void ); typedef void (*FunPtr)( void ); void *
pVoid; int *
pInt; FunPtr
fp; AFunPointer
afp; pVoid
= afp; //error:
cannot convert from 'AFunPointer' to 'void *' pInt
= ( int *)afp;
//error:
'type cast' : cannot convert from 'AFunPointer' to 'int *' fp
= (FunPtr)afp; //error:
'type cast' : cannot convert from 'AFunPointer' to 'FunPtr' afp
= (AFunPointer)pInt; //error:
'type cast' : cannot convert from 'int *' to 'AFunPointer' afp
= (AFunPointer)pVoid; //error:
'type cast' : cannot convert from 'void *' to 'AFunPointer' afp
= (AFunPointer)fp; //error:
'type cast' : cannot convert from 'FunPtr' to 'AFunPointer' |
我们可以这样理解:类的成员函数指针被限定在具体的某个类的作用域中了,他不能和域外的指针之间转换。
2、除去类的成员函数指针,虽然任意类型指针变量之间均可以强制类型转换,也即可以将const指针强转为非const指针。
但是应注意:如果将const指针强转为非const指针而用于原本const的对象,则产生未定义行为(C++语言未对此种情况进行规定)。如:
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const int a
= 50; //
定义const变量及常量 const int *
p = &a; //
const指针变量p指向const变量a int *
q = ( int *)p;
//
const指针强转为非const指针,则非const指针变量q指向const变量a *q
= 56; //
行为未定义,以下输出为VS2008下的输出结果 cout
<< a << endl; //输出:
50 cout
<< *p << endl; //输出:
56,很显然,p已经不指向a了 cout
<< *q << endl; //输出:
56,很显然,q已经不指向a了 |
3、关于一般函数指针的强制转换,以下当然也是OK的。
class A; typedef void (*pFun1)(int, int); typedef int (*pFun2)(A*, double); pFun1 pf1; pFun2 pf2; pf2 = (pFun2)pf1; // OK