Python大神-python操作Mysql
Python操作Mysql的方式有两种:
1)python的第三种模块:pymysql
2)ORM框架
一、pymysql
1、下载安装
pip3 install pymysql
2、操作方法
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 import pymysql 4 5 # 创建连接 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') 7 # 创建游标 8 cursor = conn.cursor() 9 10 ========sql语句的操作区间(都是把sql语句以字符串的形式来写)===================== 11 12 # 执行SQL,并返回收影响行数 13 effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'") 14 15 # 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数 16 #effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,)) # 不可用Python中的字符串替换,否则会有漏洞 17 18 # 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数 19 #effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) 20 21 ========sql语句的操作区间===================== 22 23 # 提交,不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据 24 conn.commit() 25 26 # 关闭游标 27 cursor.close() 28 # 关闭连接 29 conn.close()
3、获取新创建数据自增ID(数据库表的最新id值)
1 # 获取最新自增ID 2 new_id = cursor.lastrowid
4、获取查询数据--fetchone;fetchmany();fetchall
注:1)获取查询数据的结果为元组类型
2)在fetch数据时按照顺序进行,可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置,如:
-
-
- cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动
- cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 import pymysql 4 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') 6 cursor = conn.cursor() 7 cursor.execute("select * from hosts") 8 9 # 获取第一行数据 10 row_1 = cursor.fetchone() 11 12 # 获取前n行数据 13 # row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3) 14 # 获取所有数据 15 # row_3 = cursor.fetchall() 16 17 conn.commit() 18 cursor.close() 19 conn.close()
5、修改fetch数据类型
1 # 游标设置为字典类型 2 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
二、ORM(sqlAlchemy)
1、准备工作
ORM是无法独立对数据库进行操作,需要与数据库API
MySQL-Python mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> pymysql mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>] MySQL-Connector mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> cx_Oracle oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...] 更多详见:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
2、安装
1)pip3 install pymysql # 数据库API
2) pip3 install SQLAlchemy
3、简单操作数据表(onlyone)
1 import pymysql 2 from sqlalchemy import create_engine # 确定数据库类型、数据库与框架的接口(pymysql)、连接数据库 3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base # 创建基类 4 from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,PrimaryKeyConstraint,ForeignKey,UniqueConstraint,Index # 创建表所用的关键字 5 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker 6 7 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3306/day3") 8 9 # 步骤1:创建表的基类 10 Base = declarative_base() 11 12 # 步骤2:创建表的类 13 class User(Base): 14 __tablename__ = "user" 15 16 id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) 17 name = Column(String(32)) 18 age = Column(Integer) 19 aihao = Column(String(32)) 20 21 __table_args__ = ( 22 # PrimaryKeyConstraint(id), 23 UniqueConstraint('name',name='uq_name'), 24 ) 25 26 # 步骤4:新建和删除表 27 # Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) 28 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) 29 30 # 步骤5:连接资源池-操作表 31 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) 32 session = Session() 33 34 # 两种增加数据的方式 35 """ 36 u1 = User(name='sdy',age='23',aihao='paobu') 37 session.add(u1) 38 session.add_all( 39 [User(name='one',age='22',aihao='ss'), 40 User(name='two',age='12',aihao='dd'),] 41 ) 42 """ 43 44 # 删除-- delete() 45 # session.query(User).filter(User.id == 2).delete() 46 47 # 改-- update() 48 # session.query(User).filter_by(name='one').update({"name":"sb"}) 49 # 注:1)filter 与 filter_by 的区别:筛选条件的写法(filter:表名.列名 filter_by : 列名) 50 # 注:2)字符拼接时,要加上“synchronize_session=False” 51 # session.query(User).filter(User.id == 6).update({User.name: User.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) 52 # session.query(User).filter(User.id == 6).update({"age": User.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") 53 54 # 查 -- query(表名或table_name.lie_ming),all() : 把所有结果放在一个列表里 ;first() : 取第一个结果 55 56 57 58 # 只有提交后才能更改数据 59 session.commit()
4、一对多
注:relationship的用法
1 Base = declarative_base() 2 3 class Father(Base): 4 __tablename__ = 'father' 5 id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) 6 name = Column(String(32)) 7 age = Column(Integer) 8 9 class Son(Base): 10 __tablename__ = 'son' 11 id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) 12 name = Column(String(32)) 13 age = Column(Integer) 14 father_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('father.id')) 15 father = relationship('Father',backref='sons') 16 17 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) 18 19 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) 20 session = Session() 21 22 # f1 = Father(name='huang',age='40') 23 # f2 = Father(name='wang',age = '45') 24 # s1 = Son(name='xiao huang1',age='16') 25 # s2 = Son(name='xiao huang2',age='5') 26 # s3 = Son(name='xiao wang1',age='9') 27 # 28 # session.add_all([f1,f2,]) 29 # session.commit() 30 31 # session.query(Son).filter(Son.id < 3).update({'father_id':1}) 32 # session.query(Son).filter(Son.id > 2).update({'father_id':2}) 33 34 # relationship 用法:里面封装了join()连表查询 35 ret = session.query(Son.name,Son.father_id,Son.age,Son.id).filter_by(id=2).all() 36 37 ret1 = session.query(Son).filter_by(id=2).first() 38 ret2 = session.query(Father).filter_by(id=1).first() 39 print(ret,ret1.father.name,ret2.sons) 40 for i in ret2.sons: 41 print(i.name) 42 43 44 # session.add_all([s1,s2,s3,]) 45 session.commit() 46 47 # 问题:1)给列起别名? 2) 原来的连表查询join的用法?
5、多对多
注:多对多时,利用relationship查询时,建表阶段relationship要加上“secondary=Women_to_Men.__table__” --- Women_to_Men 为连表关系的类名
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 from sqlalchemy import create_engine 5 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base 6 from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,ForeignKey,UniqueConstraint,Index 7 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship 8 import time 9 10 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3306/day3?charset=utf8") 11 12 Base = declarative_base() 13 14 class Women_to_Men(Base): 15 __tablename__ = 'women_to_men' 16 id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) 17 women_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('women.id')) 18 men_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('men.id')) 19 20 class Women(Base): 21 __tablename__ = 'women' 22 id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) 23 name = Column(String(32)) 24 mens = relationship('Men',secondary=Women_to_Men.__table__,backref='womens',) 25 26 class Men(Base): 27 __tablename__ = 'men' 28 id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) 29 name = Column(String(32)) 30 31 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) 32 33 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) 34 session = Session() 35 36 # w1 = Women(name="xiaopao") 37 # w2 = Women(name='xiaoji') 38 # m1 = Men(name='dalong') 39 # m2 = Men(name='dafei') 40 # gx = Women_to_Men(women_id = 1,men_id = 2) 41 # session.add_all([w1,w2,m1,m2]) 42 # session.commit() 43 # session.add(gx) 44 45 women1 = session.query(Women).filter_by(id = 1).first() 46 print(women1,women1.mens) 47 mens = session.query(Men).filter_by(id = 1).first() 48 print(mens,mens.womens) 49 # women1.mens.append(mens) 50 session.commit() 51 52 # 总结:多对多时,利用relationship查询时,建表阶段relationship要加上“secondary=Women_to_Men.__table__” --- Women_to_Men 为连表关系的类名
6、查询表的条件
ret = session.query(Users).all() ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first() ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).all() ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
1 # 条件 2 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() 3 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all() 4 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all() 5 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() 6 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() 7 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all() 8 from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ 9 ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() 10 ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() 11 ret = session.query(Users).filter( 12 or_( 13 Users.id < 2, 14 and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3), 15 Users.extra != "" 16 )).all() 17 18 19 # 通配符 20 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() 21 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() 22 23 # 限制 24 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] 25 26 # 排序 27 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() 28 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() 29 30 # 分组 31 from sqlalchemy.sql import func 32 33 ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all() 34 ret = session.query( 35 func.max(Users.id), 36 func.sum(Users.id), 37 func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() 38 39 ret = session.query( 40 func.max(Users.id), 41 func.sum(Users.id), 42 func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() 43 44 # 连表 45 46 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() 47 48 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() 49 50 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() 51 52 53 # 组合 54 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) 55 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) 56 ret = q1.union(q2).all() 57 58 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) 59 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) 60 ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()