linux学习 - 基本命令篇
目录
关机重启命令
- 重启命令
- reboot
- shutdown -r now 立刻重启 (root用户使用)
- shutdown -r 10 过10分钟自动重启 (root用户使用)
- 关机命令
- halt 立刻关机
- poweroff 立刻关机
- shutdown -h now 立刻关机 (root用户使用)
- shutdown -h 10 10分钟后自动关机
- 如果是通过shutdown命令设置关机的话，可以用shutdown -c命令取消
基本操作之修改用户名(Ubuntu)
sudo su转为root用户(这一步是必须的)- gedit /etc/passwd,找到你要修改的那一行(注意不要修改后面的目录)
gedit /etc/shadow，找到代表你的那一行，修改用户名为新用户名gedit /etc/group，你应该发现你的用户名在很多个组中，全部修改！- 修改完，保存，重启。
- 注意：修改的时候要格外小心，不要打错一个字母。
- 提示：如果你要修改密码和用户名的话，请先修改密码，重启后，再修改用户名，重启。如果你先修改用户名，再修改密码的话，可能会导致你登录不了Ubuntu。
新建用户
sudo adduser <UserName>
用户组配置文件/etc/group
sudoers配置文件/etc/sudoers
在sudoers配置文件中配置用户使用sudo执行命令不需要输入密码
# <UserName> <Host>=(<user can be run as >:<group can be run as >) NOPASSWD: <Commands>
<UserName> ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
删除用户
sudo deluser --remove-home
查看系统版本号
cat /etc/issue
lsb_release -a
cat /etc/system-release
查看内核版本
uname -r
查看已安装内核:
find /boot/vmli*
输出:
/boot/vmlinuz
/boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-96-generic
主机名(hostname)相关
- 查看主机名:
hostname - 修改默认主机名:
hostname <NEW_HOSTNAME>
查看系统是32位还是64位
-
sudo uname -m
-
sudo uname -a
-
sudo uname -s
-
arch
系统进程信息查看
top # 动态显示进程信息, 类似windows资源管理器
ps # 进程信息快照
ps aux # 列出目前所有的正在内存中的程序
ps -u root # 指定用户的进程信息
[root@izuf6ggrfujyiyg1sz1rrzz vpnserver]# ps -ef | grep ssh
root 3296 30344 0 Jun21 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/0
root 14340 30344 0 00:56 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/4
root 16556 14344 0 01:15 pts/4 00:00:00 grep --color=auto ssh
root 30344 1 0 Jan30 ? 00:00:01 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
kill -s 9 [进程的pid] # 杀死指定的进程
ps工具标识进程的5种状态码:
| 状态码 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| D | 不可中断 uninterruptible sleep (usually IO) |
| R | 运行 runnable (on run queue) |
| S | 中断 sleeping |
| T | 停止 traced or stopped |
| Z | 僵死 a defunct (”zombie”) process |
| 参数: | |
| 命令参数 | 含义 |
| --- | --- |
| a | 显示所有进程 |
| -a | 显示同一终端下的所有程序 |
| -A | 显示所有进程 |
| c | 显示进程的真实名称 |
| -N | 反向选择 |
| -e | 等于“-A” |
| e | 显示环境变量 |
| f | 显示程序间的关系 |
| -H | 显示树状结构 |
| r | 显示当前终端的进程 |
| T | 显示当前终端的所有程序 |
| u | 指定用户的所有进程 |
| -au | 显示较详细的资讯 |
| -aux | 显示所有包含其他使用者的行程 |
| -C<命令> | 列出指定命令的状况 |
| –lines<行数> | 每页显示的行数 |
| –width<字符数> | 每页显示的字符数 |
| –help | 显示帮助信息 |
| –version | 显示版本显示 |
查看某个端口被占用的情况
# 查看80端口被占用的情况
netstat -lnp|grep 80
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 11983/dotnet
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 87180246 22677/SCREEN /var/run/screen/S-root/22677.iodined
# 杀死占用80端口的进程
kill -s 9 11983
查看磁盘分区使用情况
df 命令
~$ df -lg
---
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev
tmpfs 422M 6.6M 415M 2% /run
/dev/sda1 39G 13G 25G 34% /
tmpfs 2.1G 352K 2.1G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 422M 60K 422M 1% /run/user/1001
fdisk
fdisk 是一款强大的磁盘操作工具，来自util-linux软件包，我们在这里只说他如何查看磁盘分区表及分区结构；参数 -l ，通过-l 参数，能获得机器中所有的硬盘的分区情况.
~$ sudo fdisk -l
---
[sudo] password for la:
Disk /dev/sda: 40 GiB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb5aa146c
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 81885183 81883136 39G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 81887230 83884031 1996802 975M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 81887232 83884031 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
内存使用情况查看
- top
- cat /prop/meminfo
[root@izj6cenzpmyvcziekc9a1lz ~]# cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 1014488 kB MemFree: 77228 kB MemAvailable: 168748 kB Buffers: 22856 kB Cached: 225852 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 687780 kB Inactive: 173396 kB Active(anon): 616572 kB Inactive(anon): 35464 kB Active(file): 71208 kB Inactive(file): 137932 kB Unevictable: 16 kB Mlocked: 16 kB SwapTotal: 0 kB SwapFree: 0 kB Dirty: 0 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 611508 kB Mapped: 38012 kB Shmem: 51320 kB Slab: 51268 kB SReclaimable: 20156 kB SUnreclaim: 31112 kB KernelStack: 3016 kB PageTables: 6620 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 507244 kB Committed_AS: 1593752 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 0 kB VmallocChunk: 0 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 374784 kB ShmemHugePages: 0 kB ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 309120 kB DirectMap2M: 739328 kB DirectMap1G: 0 kB - free -h
[root@izj6cenzpmyvcziekc9a1lz ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 990M 648M 66M 50M 275M 159M
Swap: 2.0G 0B 2.0G
设置交换分区
参考: https://blog.csdn.net/ausboyue/article/details/73433990
创建新的交换分区
# 创建swap交换文件, 执行此命令后, 会执行2g读写操作, 系统会卡一下
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=2048k
# 对交换文件格式化并转换为swap分区
mkswap /var/swapfile
# 挂载并激活分区
chmod -R 0600 /var/swapfile
swapon /var/swapfile
# 修改 fstab 配置，设置开机自动挂载该分区
vim /etc/fstab
# 文件末尾加入 /var/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
删除交换分区
# 停止正在使用swap分区
swapoff /var/swapfile
# 删除swap分区文件
rm -rf /var/swapfile
# 删除或注释掉我们之前在fstab文件里追加的开机自动挂载配置内容 /var/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
vim /etc/fstab
日期时间
查看当前时间
date
~$ date
Sat Nov 14 21:12:42 CST 2020
查看当前时区
date -R
~$ date -R
Sat, 14 Nov 2020 21:13:37 +0800
修改日期
将系统日期写入为1996年6月10日
date -s 06/22/96
修改时间
将系统时间设定成下午1点52分0秒
date -s 13:52:00
将当前时间和日期写入BIOS，避免重启后失效
hwclock -w
设置时区
方法1
tzselect, 交互的方式设置时区, 会让你输入索引选择时区
方法2
替换系统时区文件
sudo cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
ip配置
配置静态ip
编辑 ifcfg-eth0 文件 vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
修改如下内容
BOOTPROTO="static" #dhcp改为static
ONBOOT="yes" #开机启用本配置
IPADDR="192.168.124.10" #静态IP
GATEWAY="192.168.124.1" #默认网关
NETMASK="255.255.255.0" #子网掩码
DNS1="192.168.124.1" #DNS 配置
重启网络
service network restart或者systemctl restart network
测试是否连接到互联网
[root@localhost ~]# curl -vv https://www.baidu.com
* About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 443 (#0)
* Trying 180.101.49.11...
* Connected to www.baidu.com (180.101.49.11) port 443 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
CApath: none
* SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=baidu.com,O="Beijing Baidu Netcom Science Technology Co., Ltd",OU=service operation department,L=beijing,ST=beijing,C=CN
* start date: Apr 02 07:04:58 2020 GMT
* expire date: Jul 26 05:31:02 2021 GMT
* common name: baidu.com
* issuer: CN=GlobalSign Organization Validation CA - SHA256 - G2,O=GlobalSign nv-sa,C=BE
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
> Host: www.baidu.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
< Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
< Connection: keep-alive
< Content-Length: 2443
< Content-Type: text/html
< Date: Tue, 01 Dec 2020 18:34:05 GMT
< Etag: "588603eb-98b"
< Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:23:55 GMT
< Pragma: no-cache
< Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
< Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
<
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');
</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
* Connection #0 to host www.baidu.com left intact
代理配置
相关变量如下
| environment | desc | example |
|---|---|---|
| http_proxy | 为http变量设置代理；默认不填开头以http协议传输 | 10.0.0.51:8080 user:pass@10.0.0.10:8080 socks4://10.0.0.51:1080 socks5://192.168.1.1:1080 |
| https_proxy | 为https变量设置代理; | 同上 |
| ftp_proxy | 为ftp变量设置代理； | 同上 |
| all_proxy | 全部变量设置代理，设置了这个时候上面的不用设置 | 同上 |
| no_proxy | 无需代理的主机或域名；可以使用通配符；多个时使用“,”号分隔； | .aiezu.com,10...,192.168.., *.local,localhost,127.0.0.1 |
这些变量可以再下面的文件中进行配置
/etc/profile~/.bashrc~/.zshrc
写法参考下面这样
export proxy="http://192.168.124.7:10808"
export http_proxy=$proxy
export https_proxy=$proxy
export ftp_proxy=$proxy
export no_proxy="localhost, 127.0.0.1, ::1"
# 或者直接配置all_proxy
export proxy="socks5://192.168.124.7:10808"
export all_proxy=$proxy
测试能否连接谷歌
[root@localhost ~]# curl -vv https://www.google.com
* About to connect() to proxy 192.168.124.7 port 10808 (#0)
* Trying 192.168.124.7...
* 157
* 240
* 10
* 41
* Connected to 192.168.124.7 (192.168.124.7) port 10808 (#0)
* Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb
* CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
CApath: none
* SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=www.google.com,O=Google LLC,L=Mountain View,ST=California,C=US
* start date: Nov 03 07:39:18 2020 GMT
* expire date: Jan 26 07:39:18 2021 GMT
* common name: www.google.com
* issuer: CN=GTS CA 1O1,O=Google Trust Services,C=US
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
> Host: www.google.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Tue, 01 Dec 2020 18:35:45 GMT
< Expires: -1
< Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
< P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
< Server: gws
< X-XSS-Protection: 0
< X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
< Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2020-12-01-18; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-2020 18:35:45 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; Secure
< Set-Cookie: NID=204=tJOmHC_YVoY6CQ6wo1gGbJnEGVWWRavziZ3-XVwgxqCKEmjBNwz-9aELalRfS89-crGokDb8zFbW59Plqrym-nIQBmynNA4akJCZMyUuu_4hBUS5hVSTdDMEV6H2ienagJRgHjZqzO2fd0VU_34gjB3SPQFjACE3eQezqTAPcdU; expires=Wed, 02-Jun-2021 18:35:45 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
< Alt-Svc: h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-T051=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=":443"; ma=2592000,quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="46,43"
< Accept-Ranges: none
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
<
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